INTERNET-DRAFT Editor: Kurt D. Zeilenga
Intended Category: Standard Track OpenLDAP Foundation
Expires in six months 10 February 2005
Obsoletes: RFC 2253
LDAP: String Representation of Distinguished Names
<draft-ietf-ldapbis-dn-16.txt>
Status of Memo
This document is intended to be, after appropriate review and
revision, submitted to the RFC Editor as a Standard Track document
replacing RFC 2253. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Technical discussion of this document will take place on the IETF LDAP
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<[email protected]>. Please send editorial comments directly
to the document editor <[email protected]>.
By submitting this Internet-Draft, I accept the provisions of Section
4 of RFC 3667. By submitting this Internet-Draft, I certify that any
applicable patent or other IPR claims of which I am aware have been
disclosed, or will be disclosed, and any of which I become aware will
be disclosed, in accordance with RFC 3668.
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Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). All Rights Reserved.
Please see the Full Copyright section near the end of this document
for more information.
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Abstract
The X.500 Directory uses distinguished names (DNs) as primary keys to
entries in the directory. This document defines the string
representation used in the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
(LDAP) to transfer distinguished names. The string representation is
designed to give a clean representation of commonly used distinguished
names, while being able to represent any distinguished name.
1. Background and Intended Usage
In X.500-based directory systems [X.500], including those accessed
using the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) [Roadmap],
distinguished names (DNs) are used to unambiguously refer to directory
entries [X.501][Models].
The structure of a DN [X.501] is described in terms of ASN.1 [X.680].
In the X.500 Directory Access Protocol [X.511] (and other ITU-defined
directory protocols), DNs are encoded using the Basic Encoding Rules
(BER) [X.690]. In LDAP, DNs are represented in the string form
described in this document.
It is important to have a common format to be able to unambiguously
represent a distinguished name. The primary goal of this
specification is ease of encoding and decoding. A secondary goal is
to have names that are human readable. It is not expected that LDAP
implementations with a human user interface would display these
strings directly to the user, but would most likely be performing
translations (such as expressing attribute type names in the local
national language).
This document defines the string representation of Distinguished Names
used in LDAP [Protocol][Syntaxes]. Section 2 details the RECOMMENDED
algorithm for converting a DN from its ASN.1 structured representation
to a string. Section 3 details how to convert a DN from a string to a
ASN.1 structured representation.
While other documents may define other algorithms for converting a DN
from its ASN.1 structured representation to a string, all algorithms
MUST produce strings which adhere to the requirements of Section 3.
This document does not define a canonical string representation for
DNs. Comparison of DNs for equality is to be performed in accordance
with the distinguishedNameMatch matching rule [Syntaxes].
This document is a integral part of the LDAP technical specification
[Roadmap] which obsoletes the previously defined LDAP technical
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specification, RFC 3377, in its entirety. This document obsoletes RFC
2253. Changes since RFC 2253 are summarized in Appendix B.
This specification assumes familiarity with X.500 [X.500] and the
concept of Distinguished Name [X.501][Models].
1.1. Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119].
Character names in this document use the notation for code points and
names from the Unicode Standard [Unicode]. For example, the letter
"a" may be represented as either <U+0061> or <LATIN SMALL LETTER A>.
Note: a glossary of terms used in Unicode can be found in [Glossary].
Information on the Unicode character encoding model can be found in
[CharModel].
2. Converting DistinguishedName from ASN.1 to a String
X.501 [X.501] defines the ASN.1 [X.680] structure of distinguished
name. The following is a variant provided for discussion purposes.
DistinguishedName ::= RDNSequence
RDNSequence ::= SEQUENCE OF RelativeDistinguishedName
RelativeDistinguishedName ::= SET SIZE (1..MAX) OF
AttributeTypeAndValue
AttributeTypeAndValue ::= SEQUENCE {
type AttributeType,
value AttributeValue }
This section defines the RECOMMENDED algorithm for converting a
distinguished name from an ASN.1 structured representation to an UTF-8
[RFC3629] encoded Unicode [Unicode] character string representation.
Other documents may describe other algorithms for converting a
distinguished name to a string, but only strings which conform to the
grammar defined in Section 3 SHALL be produced by LDAP
implementations.
2.1. Converting the RDNSequence
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If the RDNSequence is an empty sequence, the result is the empty or
zero length string.
Otherwise, the output consists of the string encodings of each
RelativeDistinguishedName in the RDNSequence (according to Section
2.2), starting with the last element of the sequence and moving
backwards toward the first.
The encodings of adjoining RelativeDistinguishedNames are separated by
a comma (',' U+002C) character.
2.2. Converting RelativeDistinguishedName
When converting from an ASN.1 RelativeDistinguishedName to a string,
the output consists of the string encodings of each
AttributeTypeAndValue (according to Section 2.3), in any order.
Where there is a multi-valued RDN, the outputs from adjoining
AttributeTypeAndValues are separated by a plus sign ('+' U+002B)
character.
2.3. Converting AttributeTypeAndValue
The AttributeTypeAndValue is encoded as the string representation of
the AttributeType, followed by an equals sign ('=' U+003D) character,
followed by the string representation of the AttributeValue. The
encoding of the AttributeValue is given in Section 2.4.
If the AttributeType is defined to have a short name (descriptor)
[Models] and that short name is known to be registered
[REGISTRY][BCP64bis] as identifying the AttributeType, that short
name, a <descr>, is used. Otherwise the AttributeType is encoded as
the dotted-decimal encoding, a <numericoid>, of its OBJECT IDENTIFIER.
The <descr> and <numericoid> is defined in [Models].
Implementations are not expected to dynamically update their knowledge
of registered short names. However, implementations SHOULD provide a
mechanism to allow its knowledge of registered short names to be
updated.
2.4. Converting an AttributeValue from ASN.1 to a String
If the AttributeType is of the dotted-decimal form, the AttributeValue
is represented by an number sign ('#' U+0023) character followed by
the hexadecimal encoding of each of the octets of the BER encoding of
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the X.500 AttributeValue. This form is also used when the syntax of
the AttributeValue does not have a LDAP-specific [Syntaxes, Section
3.1] string encoding defined for it or the LDAP-specific string
encoding is not restricted to UTF-8 encoded Unicode characters. This
form may also be used in other cases, such as when a reversible string
representation is desired (see Section 5.2).
Otherwise, if the AttributeValue is of a syntax which has a
LDAP-specific string encoding, the value is converted first to a UTF-8
encoded Unicode string according to its syntax specification (see
[Syntaxes, Section 3.3] for examples). If that UTF-8 encoded Unicode
string does not have any of the following characters which need
escaping, then that string can be used as the string representation of
the value.
- a space (' ' U+0020) or number sign ('#' U+0023) occurring at
the beginning of the string;
- a space (' ' U+0020) character occurring at the end of the
string;
- one of the characters '"', '+', ',', ';', '<', '>', or '\'
(U+0022, U+002B, U+002C, U+003B, U+003C, U+003E, or U+005C
respectively);
- the null (U+0000) character.
Other characters may be escaped.
Each octet of the character to be escaped is replaced by a backslash
and two hex digits, which form a single octet in the code of the
character. Alternatively, if and only if the character to be escaped
is one of
' ', '"', '#', '+', ',', ';', '<', '=', '>', or '\'
(U+0020, U+0022, U+0023, U+002B, U+002C, U+003B,
U+003C, U+003D, U+003E, U+005C respectively)
it can be prefixed by a backslash ('\' U+005C).
Examples of the escaping mechanism are shown in Section 4.
3. Parsing a String back to a Distinguished Name
The string representation of Distinguished Names is restricted to
UTF-8 [RFC3629] encoded Unicode [Unicode] characters. The structure
of this string representation is specified using the following
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Augmented BNF [RFC2234] grammar:
distinguishedName = [ relativeDistinguishedName
*( COMMA relativeDistinguishedName ) ]
relativeDistinguishedName = attributeTypeAndValue
*( PLUS attributeTypeAndValue )
attributeTypeAndValue = attributeType EQUALS attributeValue
attributeType = descr / numericoid
attributeValue = string / hexstring
; The following characters are to be escaped when they appear
; in the value to be encoded: ESC, one of <escaped>, leading
; SHARP or SPACE, trailing SPACE, and NULL.
string = [ ( leadchar / pair ) [ *( stringchar / pair )
( trailchar / pair ) ] ]
leadchar = LUTF1 / UTFMB
LUTF1 = %x01-1F / %x21 / %x24-2A / %x2D-3A /
%x3D / %x3F-5B / %x5D-7F
trailchar = TUTF1 / UTFMB
TUTF1 = %x01-1F / %x21 / %x23-2A / %x2D-3A /
%x3D / %x3F-5B / %x5D-7F
stringchar = SUTF1 / UTFMB
SUTF1 = %x01-21 / %x23-2A / %x2D-3A /
%x3D / %x3F-5B / %x5D-7F
pair = ESC ( ESC / special / hexpair )
special = escaped / SPACE / SHARP / EQUALS
escaped = DQUOTE / PLUS / COMMA / SEMI / LANGLE / RANGLE
hexstring = SHARP 1*hexpair
hexpair = HEX HEX
where the productions <descr>, <numericoid>, <COMMA>, <DQUOTE>,
<EQUALS>, <ESC>, <HEX>, <LANGLE>, <NULL>, <PLUS>, <RANGLE>, <SEMI>,
<SPACE>, <SHARP>, <UTFMB> are defined in [Models].
Each <attributeType>, either a <descr> or a <numericoid>, refers to an
attribute type of an attribute value assertion (AVA). The
<attributeType> is followed by a <EQUALS> and an <attributeValue>.
The <attributeValue> is either in <string> or <hexstring> form.
If in <string> form, a LDAP string representation asserted value can
be obtained by replacing (left-to-right, non-recursively) each <pair>
appearing in the <string> as follows:
replace <ESC><ESC> with <ESC>;
replace <ESC><special> with <special>;
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replace <ESC><hexpair> with the octet indicated by the <hexpair>.
If in <hexstring> form, a BER representation can be obtained from
converting each <hexpair> of the <hexstring> to the octet indicated by
the <hexpair>.
One or more attribute values assertions, separated by <PLUS>, for a
relative distinguished name.
Zero or more relative distinguished names, separated by <COMMA>, for a
distinguished name.
Implementations MUST recognize AttributeType name strings
(descriptors) listed in the following table, but MAY recognize other
name strings.
String X.500 AttributeType
------ --------------------------------------------
CN commonName (2.5.4.3)
L localityName (2.5.4.7)
ST stateOrProvinceName (2.5.4.8)
O organizationName (2.5.4.10)
OU organizationalUnitName (2.5.4.11)
C countryName (2.5.4.6)
STREET streetAddress (2.5.4.9)
DC domainComponent (0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.25)
UID userId (0.9.2342.19200300.100.1.1)
Implementations MAY recognize other DN string representations (such as
that described in RFC 1779). However, as there is no requirement that
alternative DN string representations to be recognized (and, if so,
how), implementations SHOULD only generate DN strings in accordance
with Section 2 of this document.
4. Examples
This notation is designed to be convenient for common forms of name.
This section gives a few examples of distinguished names written using
this notation. First is a name containing three relative
distinguished names (RDNs):
UID=jsmith,DC=example,DC=net
Here is an example name containing three RDNs, in which the first RDN
is multi-valued:
OU=Sales+CN=J. Smith,DC=example,DC=net
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This example shows the method of escaping of a special characters
appearing in a common name:
CN=James \"Jim\" Smith\, III,DC=example,DC=net
The following shows the method for encoding a value which contains a
carriage return character:
CN=Before\0dAfter,DC=example,DC=net
In this RDN example, the type in the RDN is unrecognized, and the
value is the BER encoding of an OCTET STRING containing two octets
0x48 and 0x69.
1.3.6.1.4.1.1466.0=#04024869
Finally, this example shows an RDN whose commonName value consisting
of 5 letters:
Unicode Character Code UTF-8 Escaped
------------------------------- ------ ------ --------
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L U+004C 0x4C L
LATIN SMALL LETTER U U+0075 0x75 u
LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON U+010D 0xC48D \C4\8D
LATIN SMALL LETTER I U+0069 0x69 i
LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE U+0107 0xC487 \C4\87
could be encoded in printable ASCII (useful for debugging purposes)
as:
CN=Lu\C4\8Di\C4\87
5. Security Considerations
The following security considerations are specific to the handling of
distinguished names. LDAP security considerations are discussed in
[Protocol] and other documents comprising the LDAP Technical
Specification [Roadmap].
5.1. Disclosure
Distinguished Names typically consist of descriptive information about
the entries they name, which can be people, organizations, devices or
other real-world objects. This frequently includes some of the
following kinds of information:
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- the common name of the object (i.e. a person's full name)
- an email or TCP/IP address
- its physical location (country, locality, city, street address)
- organizational attributes (such as department name or affiliation)
In some cases, such information can be considered sensitive. In many
countries, privacy laws exist which prohibit disclosure of certain
kinds of descriptive information (e.g., email addresses). Hence,
servers implementors are encouraged to support DIT structural rules
and name forms [Models] as these provide a mechanism for
administrators to select appropriate naming attributes for entries.
Administrators are encouraged to use these mechanisms, access
controls, and other administrative controls which may be available to
restrict use of attributes containing sensitive information in naming
of entries. Additionally, use of authentication and data security
services in LDAP [AuthMeth][Protocol] should be considered.
5.2. Use of Distinguished Names in Security Applications
The transformations of an AttributeValue value from its X.501 form to
an LDAP string representation are not always reversible back to the
same BER (Basic Encoding Rules) or DER (Distinguished Encoding rules)
form. An example of a situation which requires the DER form of a
distinguished name is the verification of an X.509 certificate.
For example, a distinguished name consisting of one RDN with one AVA,
in which the type is commonName and the value is of the TeletexString
choice with the letters 'Sam' would be represented in LDAP as the
string <CN=Sam>. Another distinguished name in which the value is
still 'Sam' but of the PrintableString choice would have the same
representation <CN=Sam>.
Applications which require the reconstruction of the DER form of the
value SHOULD NOT use the string representation of attribute syntaxes
when converting a distinguished name to the LDAP format. Instead,
they SHOULD use the hexadecimal form prefixed by the number sign ('#'
U+0023) as described in the first paragraph of Section 2.4.
6. Acknowledgment
This document is an update to RFC 2253, by Mark Wahl, Tim Howes, and
Steve Kille. RFC 2253 was a product of the IETF ASID Working Group.
This document is a product of the IETF LDAPBIS Working Group.
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7. Document Editor's Address
Kurt D. Zeilenga
OpenLDAP Foundation
Email: [email protected]
8. References
[[Note to the RFC Editor: please replace the citation tags used in
referencing Internet-Drafts with tags of the form RFCnnnn where
possible.]]
8.1. Normative References
[X.501] International Telecommunication Union -
Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "The Directory
-- Models," X.501(1993) (also ISO/IEC 9594-2:1994).
[X.680] International Telecommunication Union -
Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "Abstract
Syntax Notation One (ASN.1) - Specification of Basic
Notation", X.680(1997) (also ISO/IEC 8824-1:1998).
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14 (also RFC 2119), March 1997.
[RFC2234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[RFC3629] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
10646", RFC 3629 (also STD 63), November 2003.
[Unicode] The Unicode Consortium, "The Unicode Standard, Version
3.2.0" is defined by "The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0"
(Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley, 2000. ISBN 0-201-61633-5),
as amended by the "Unicode Standard Annex #27: Unicode
3.1" (http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/) and by the
"Unicode Standard Annex #28: Unicode 3.2"
(http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr28/).
[Models] Zeilenga, K. (editor), "LDAP: Directory Information
Models", draft-ietf-ldapbis-models-xx.txt, a work in
progress.
[Roadmap] Zeilenga, K. (editor), "LDAP: Technical Specification
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Road Map", draft-ietf-ldapbis-roadmap-xx.txt, a work in
progress.
[Protocol] Sermersheim, J. (editor), "LDAP: The Protocol",
draft-ietf-ldapbis-protocol-xx.txt, a work in progress.
[Syntaxes] Legg, S. (editor), "LDAP: Syntaxes and Matching Rules",
draft-ietf-ldapbis-syntaxes-xx.txt, a work in progress.
[Schema] Dally, K. (editor), "LDAP: User Schema",
draft-ietf-ldapbis-user-schema-xx.txt, a work in
progress.
[REGISTRY] IANA, Object Identifier Descriptors Registry,
<http://www.iana.org/...>.
8.2. Informative References
[ASCII] Coded Character Set--7-bit American Standard Code for
Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986.
[X.500] International Telecommunication Union -
Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "The Directory
-- Overview of concepts, models and services,"
X.500(1993) (also ISO/IEC 9594-1:1994).
[X.690] International Telecommunication Union -
Telecommunication Standardization Sector, "Specification
of ASN.1 encoding rules: Basic Encoding Rules (BER),
Canonical Encoding Rules (CER), and Distinguished
Encoding Rules (DER)", X.690(1997) (also ISO/IEC
8825-1:1998).
[RFC2849] Good, G., "The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) -
Technical Specification", RFC 2849, June 2000.
[BCP64bis] Zeilenga, K., "IANA Considerations for LDAP",
draft-ietf-ldapbis-bcp64-xx.txt, a work in progress.
[CharModel] Whistler, K. and M. Davis, "Unicode Technical Report
#17, Character Encoding Model", UTR17,
<http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr17/>, August
2000.
[Glossary] The Unicode Consortium, "Unicode Glossary",
<http://www.unicode.org/glossary/>.
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Appendix A. Presentation Issues
This appendix is provided for informational purposes only, it is not a
normative part of this specification.
The string representation described in this document is not intended
to be presented to humans without translation. However, at times it
may be desirable to present non-translated DN strings to users. This
section discusses presentation issues associated with non-translated
DN strings. Presentation of translated DN strings issues are not
discussed in this appendix. Transcoding issues are also not discussed
in this appendix.
This appendix provides guidance for applications presenting DN strings
to users. This section is not comprehensive, it does not discuss all
presentation issues which implementors may face.
Not all user interfaces are capable of displaying the full set of
Unicode characters. Some Unicode characters are not displayable.
It is recommended that human interfaces use the optional hex pair
escaping mechanism (Section 2.3) to produce a string representation
suitable for display to the user. For example, an application can
generate a DN string for display which escapes all non-printable
characters appearing in the AttributeValue's string representation (as
demonstrated in the final example of Section 4).
When a DN string is displayed in free form text, it is often necessary
to distinguish the DN string from surrounding text. While this is
often done with white space (as demonstrated in Section 4), it is
noted that DN strings may end with white space. Careful readers of
Section 3 will note that characters '<' (U+003C) and '>' (U+003E) may
only appear in the DN string if escaped. These characters are
intended to be used in free form text to distinguish a DN string from
surrounding text. For example, <CN=Sam\ > distinguished the string
representation of the DN comprised of one RDN consisting of the AVA:
the commonName (CN) value 'Sam ' from the surrounding text. It should
be noted to the user that the wrapping '<' and '>' characters are not
part of the DN string.
DN strings can be quite long. It is often desirable to line-wrap
overly long DN strings in presentations. Line wrapping should be done
by inserting white space after the RDN separator character or, if
necessary, after the AVA separator character. It should be noted to
the user that the inserted white space is not part of the DN string
and is to be removed before use in LDAP. For example,
The following DN string is long:
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CN=Kurt D. Zeilenga,OU=Engineering,L=Redwood Shores,
O=OpenLDAP Foundation,ST=California,C=US
so it has been line-wrapped for readability. The extra white
space is to be removed before the DN string is used in LDAP.
It is not advised to insert white space otherwise as it may not be
obvious to the user which white space is part of the DN string and
which white space was added for readability.
Another alternative is to use the LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF)
[RFC2849]. For example,
# This entry has a long DN...
dn: CN=Kurt D. Zeilenga,OU=Engineering,L=Redwood Shores,
O=OpenLDAP Foundation,ST=California,C=US
CN: Kurt D. Zeilenga
SN: Zeilenga
objectClass: person
Appendix B. Changes made since RFC 2253
This appendix is provided for informational purposes only, it is not a
normative part of this specification.
The following substantive changes were made to RFC 2253:
- Removed IESG Note. The IESG Note has been addressed.
- Replaced all references to ISO 10646-1 with [Unicode].
- Clarified (in Section 1) that this document does not define a
canonical string representation.
- Clarified that Section 2 describes the RECOMMENDED encoding
algorithm and that alternative algorithms are allowed. Some
encoding options described in RFC 2253 are now treated as
alternative algorithms in this specification.
- Revised specification (in Section 2) to allow short names of any
registered attribute type to appear in string representations of
DNs instead of being restricted to a "published table". Remove
"as an example" language. Added statement (in Section 3) allowing
recognition of additional names but require recognization of those
names in the published table. The table is now published in
Section 3.
- Removed specification of additional requirements for LDAPv2
implementations which also support LDAPv3 (RFC 2253, Section 4) as
LDAPv2 is now Historic.
- Allow recognition of alternative string representations.
- Updated Section 2.4 to allow hex pair escaping of all characters
and clarified escaping for when multiple octet UTF-8 encodings are
present. Indicated that null (U+0000) character is to be escaped.
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Indicated that equals sign ('=' U+003D) character may be escaped
as '\='.
- Rewrote Section 3 to use ABNF as defined in RFC 2234.
- Updated the Section 3 ABNF. Changes include:
+ allow AttributeType short names of length 1 (e.g., 'L'),
+ use more restrictive <oid> production in AttributeTypes,
+ do not require escaping of equals sign ('=' U+003D) characters,
+ do not require escaping of non-leading number sign ('#' U+0023)
characters,
+ allow space (' ' U+0020) to escaped as '\ ',
+ require hex escaping of null (U+0000) characters, and
+ removed LDAPv2-only constructs.
- Updated Section 3 to describe how to parse elements of the
grammar.
- Rewrote examples.
- Added reference to documentations containing general LDAP security
considerations.
- Added discussion of presentation issues (Appendix A).
- Added this appendix.
In addition, numerous editorial changes were made.
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Full Copyright
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject
to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and
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This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
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OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET
ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE
INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Zeilenga LDAP: Distinguished Names [Page 15]
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