// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Package os provides a platform-independent interface to operating system
// functionality. The design is Unix-like, although the error handling is
// Go-like; failing calls return values of type error rather than error numbers.
// Often, more information is available within the error. For example,
// if a call that takes a file name fails, such as Open or Stat, the error
// will include the failing file name when printed and will be of type
// *PathError, which may be unpacked for more information.
//
// The os interface is intended to be uniform across all operating systems.
// Features not generally available appear in the system-specific package syscall.
//
// Here is a simple example, opening a file and reading some of it.
//
// file, err := os.Open("file.go") // For read access.
// if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
// }
//
// If the open fails, the error string will be self-explanatory, like
//
// open file.go: no such file or directory
//
// The file's data can then be read into a slice of bytes. Read and
// Write take their byte counts from the length of the argument slice.
//
// data := make([]byte, 100)
// count, err := file.Read(data)
// if err != nil {
// log.Fatal(err)
// }
// fmt.Printf("read %d bytes: %q\n", count, data[:count])
//
// Note: The maximum number of concurrent operations on a File may be limited by
// the OS or the system. The number should be high, but exceeding it may degrade
// performance or cause other issues.
//
package os
import (
"errors"
"internal/poll"
"internal/testlog"
"io"
"runtime"
"syscall"
"time"
)
// Name returns the name of the file as presented to Open.
func (f *File) Name() string { return f.name }
// Stdin, Stdout, and Stderr are open Files pointing to the standard input,
// standard output, and standard error file descriptors.
//
// Note that the Go runtime writes to standard error for panics and crashes;
// closing Stderr may cause those messages to go elsewhere, perhaps
// to a file opened later.
var (
Stdin = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stdin), "/dev/stdin")
Stdout = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stdout), "/dev/stdout")
Stderr = NewFile(uintptr(syscall.Stderr), "/dev/stderr")
)
// Flags to OpenFile wrapping those of the underlying system. Not all
// flags may be implemented on a given system.
const (
// Exactly one of O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, or O_RDWR must be specified.
O_RDONLY int = syscall.O_RDONLY // open the file read-only.
O_WRONLY int = syscall.O_WRONLY // open the file write-only.
O_RDWR int = syscall.O_RDWR // open the file read-write.
// The remaining values may be or'ed in to control behavior.
O_APPEND int = syscall.O_APPEND // append data to the file when writing.
O_CREATE int = syscall.O_CREAT // create a new file if none exists.
O_EXCL int = syscall.O_EXCL // used with O_CREATE, file must not exist.
O_SYNC int = syscall.O_SYNC // open for synchronous I/O.
O_TRUNC int = syscall.O_TRUNC // truncate regular writable file when opened.
)
// Seek whence values.
//
// Deprecated: Use io.SeekStart, io.SeekCurrent, and io.SeekEnd.
const (
SEEK_SET int = 0 // seek relative to the origin of the file
SEEK_CUR int = 1 // seek relative to the current offset
SEEK_END int = 2 // seek relative to the end
)
// LinkError records an error during a link or symlink or rename
// system call and the paths that caused it.
type LinkError struct {
Op string
Old string
New string
Err error
}
func (e *LinkError) Error() string {
return e.Op + " " + e.Old + " " + e.New + ": " + e.Err.Error()
}
func (e *LinkError) Unwrap() error {
return e.Err
}
// Read reads up to len(b) bytes from the File.
// It returns the number of bytes read and any error encountered.
// At end of file, Read returns 0, io.EOF.
func (f *File) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
if err := f.checkValid("read"); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
n, e := f.read(b)
return n, f.wrapErr("read", e)
}
// ReadAt reads len(b) bytes from the File starting at byte offset off.
// It returns the number of bytes read and the error, if any.
// ReadAt always returns a non-nil error when n < len(b).
// At end of file, that error is io.EOF.
func (f *File) ReadAt(b []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) {
if err := f.checkValid("read"); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
if off < 0 {
return 0, &PathError{"readat", f.name, errors.New("negative offset")}
}
for len(b) > 0 {
m, e := f.pread(b, off)
if e != nil {
err = f.wrapErr("read", e)
break
}
n += m
b = b[m:]
off += int64(m)
}
return
}
// Write writes len(b) bytes to the File.
// It returns the number of bytes written and an error, if any.
// Write returns a non-nil error when n != len(b).
func (f *File) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
if err := f.checkValid("write"); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
n, e := f.write(b)
if n < 0 {
n = 0
}
if n != len(b) {
err = io.ErrShortWrite
}
epipecheck(f, e)
if e != nil {
err = f.wrapErr("write", e)
}
return n, err
}
var errWriteAtInAppendMode = errors.New("os: invalid use of WriteAt on file opened with O_APPEND")
// WriteAt writes len(b) bytes to the File starting at byte offset off.
// It returns the number of bytes written and an error, if any.
// WriteAt returns a non-nil error when n != len(b).
//
// If file was opened with the O_APPEND flag, WriteAt returns an error.
func (f *File) WriteAt(b []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) {
if err := f.checkValid("write"); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
if f.appendMode {
return 0, errWriteAtInAppendMode
}
if off < 0 {
return 0, &PathError{"writeat", f.name, errors.New("negative offset")}
}
for len(b) > 0 {
m, e := f.pwrite(b, off)
if e != nil {
err = f.wrapErr("write", e)
break
}
n += m
b = b[m:]
off += int64(m)
}
return
}
// Seek sets the offset for the next Read or Write on file to offset, interpreted
// according to whence: 0 means relative to the origin of the file, 1 means
// relative to the current offset, and 2 means relative to the end.
// It returns the new offset and an error, if any.
// The behavior of Seek on a file opened with O_APPEND is not specified.
func (f *File) Seek(offset int64, whence int) (ret int64, err error) {
if err := f.checkValid("seek"); err != nil {
return 0, err
}
r, e := f.seek(offset, whence)
if e == nil && f.dirinfo != nil && r != 0 {
e = syscall.EISDIR
}
if e != nil {
return 0, f.wrapErr("seek", e)
}
return r, nil
}
// WriteString is like Write, but writes the contents of string s rather than
// a slice of bytes.
func (f *File) WriteString(s string) (n int, err error) {
return f.Write([]byte(s))
}
// Mkdir creates a new directory with the specified name and permission
// bits (before umask).
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func Mkdir(name string, perm FileMode) error {
e := syscall.Mkdir(fixLongPath(name), syscallMode(perm))
if e != nil {
return &PathError{"mkdir", name, e}
}
// mkdir(2) itself won't handle the sticky bit on *BSD and Solaris
if !supportsCreateWithStickyBit && perm&ModeSticky != 0 {
e = setStickyBit(name)
if e != nil {
Remove(name)
return e
}
}
return nil
}
// setStickyBit adds ModeSticky to the permision bits of path, non atomic.
func setStickyBit(name string) error {
fi, err := Stat(name)
if err != nil {
return err
}
return Chmod(name, fi.Mode()|ModeSticky)
}
// Chdir changes the current working directory to the named directory.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func Chdir(dir string) error {
if e := syscall.Chdir(dir); e != nil {
testlog.Open(dir) // observe likely non-existent directory
return &PathError{"chdir", dir, e}
}
if log := testlog.Logger(); log != nil {
wd, err := Getwd()
if err == nil {
log.Chdir(wd)
}
}
return nil
}
// Open opens the named file for reading. If successful, methods on
// the returned file can be used for reading; the associated file
// descriptor has mode O_RDONLY.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func Open(name string) (*File, error) {
return OpenFile(name, O_RDONLY, 0)
}
// Create creates or truncates the named file. If the file already exists,
// it is truncated. If the file does not exist, it is created with mode 0666
// (before umask). If successful, methods on the returned File can
// be used for I/O; the associated file descriptor has mode O_RDWR.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func Create(name string) (*File, error) {
return OpenFile(name, O_RDWR|O_CREATE|O_TRUNC, 0666)
}
// OpenFile is the generalized open call; most users will use Open
// or Create instead. It opens the named file with specified flag
// (O_RDONLY etc.). If the file does not exist, and the O_CREATE flag
// is passed, it is created with mode perm (before umask). If successful,
// methods on the returned File can be used for I/O.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func OpenFile(name string, flag int, perm FileMode) (*File, error) {
testlog.Open(name)
f, err := openFileNolog(name, flag, perm)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
f.appendMode = flag&O_APPEND != 0
return f, nil
}
// lstat is overridden in tests.
var lstat = Lstat
// Rename renames (moves) oldpath to newpath.
// If newpath already exists and is not a directory, Rename replaces it.
// OS-specific restrictions may apply when oldpath and newpath are in different directories.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *LinkError.
func Rename(oldpath, newpath string) error {
return rename(oldpath, newpath)
}
// Many functions in package syscall return a count of -1 instead of 0.
// Using fixCount(call()) instead of call() corrects the count.
func fixCount(n int, err error) (int, error) {
if n < 0 {
n = 0
}
return n, err
}
// wrapErr wraps an error that occurred during an operation on an open file.
// It passes io.EOF through unchanged, otherwise converts
// poll.ErrFileClosing to ErrClosed and wraps the error in a PathError.
func (f *File) wrapErr(op string, err error) error {
if err == nil || err == io.EOF {
return err
}
if err == poll.ErrFileClosing {
err = ErrClosed
}
return &PathError{op, f.name, err}
}
// TempDir returns the default directory to use for temporary files.
//
// On Unix systems, it returns $TMPDIR if non-empty, else /tmp.
// On Windows, it uses GetTempPath, returning the first non-empty
// value from %TMP%, %TEMP%, %USERPROFILE%, or the Windows directory.
// On Plan 9, it returns /tmp.
//
// The directory is neither guaranteed to exist nor have accessible
// permissions.
func TempDir() string {
return tempDir()
}
// UserCacheDir returns the default root directory to use for user-specific
// cached data. Users should create their own application-specific subdirectory
// within this one and use that.
//
// On Unix systems, it returns $XDG_CACHE_HOME as specified by
// https://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html if
// non-empty, else $HOME/.cache.
// On Darwin, it returns $HOME/Library/Caches.
// On Windows, it returns %LocalAppData%.
// On Plan 9, it returns $home/lib/cache.
//
// If the location cannot be determined (for example, $HOME is not defined),
// then it will return an error.
func UserCacheDir() (string, error) {
var dir string
switch runtime.GOOS {
case "windows":
dir = Getenv("LocalAppData")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("%LocalAppData% is not defined")
}
case "darwin":
dir = Getenv("HOME")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("$HOME is not defined")
}
dir += "/Library/Caches"
case "plan9":
dir = Getenv("home")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("$home is not defined")
}
dir += "/lib/cache"
default: // Unix
dir = Getenv("XDG_CACHE_HOME")
if dir == "" {
dir = Getenv("HOME")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("neither $XDG_CACHE_HOME nor $HOME are defined")
}
dir += "/.cache"
}
}
return dir, nil
}
// UserConfigDir returns the default root directory to use for user-specific
// configuration data. Users should create their own application-specific
// subdirectory within this one and use that.
//
// On Unix systems, it returns $XDG_CONFIG_HOME as specified by
// https://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html if
// non-empty, else $HOME/.config.
// On Darwin, it returns $HOME/Library/Application Support.
// On Windows, it returns %AppData%.
// On Plan 9, it returns $home/lib.
//
// If the location cannot be determined (for example, $HOME is not defined),
// then it will return an error.
func UserConfigDir() (string, error) {
var dir string
switch runtime.GOOS {
case "windows":
dir = Getenv("AppData")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("%AppData% is not defined")
}
case "darwin":
dir = Getenv("HOME")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("$HOME is not defined")
}
dir += "/Library/Application Support"
case "plan9":
dir = Getenv("home")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("$home is not defined")
}
dir += "/lib"
default: // Unix
dir = Getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME")
if dir == "" {
dir = Getenv("HOME")
if dir == "" {
return "", errors.New("neither $XDG_CONFIG_HOME nor $HOME are defined")
}
dir += "/.config"
}
}
return dir, nil
}
// UserHomeDir returns the current user's home directory.
//
// On Unix, including macOS, it returns the $HOME environment variable.
// On Windows, it returns %USERPROFILE%.
// On Plan 9, it returns the $home environment variable.
func UserHomeDir() (string, error) {
env, enverr := "HOME", "$HOME"
switch runtime.GOOS {
case "windows":
env, enverr = "USERPROFILE", "%userprofile%"
case "plan9":
env, enverr = "home", "$home"
}
if v := Getenv(env); v != "" {
return v, nil
}
// On some geese the home directory is not always defined.
switch runtime.GOOS {
case "nacl":
return "/", nil
case "android":
return "/sdcard", nil
case "darwin":
if runtime.GOARCH == "arm" || runtime.GOARCH == "arm64" {
return "/", nil
}
}
return "", errors.New(enverr + " is not defined")
}
// Chmod changes the mode of the named file to mode.
// If the file is a symbolic link, it changes the mode of the link's target.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
//
// A different subset of the mode bits are used, depending on the
// operating system.
//
// On Unix, the mode's permission bits, ModeSetuid, ModeSetgid, and
// ModeSticky are used.
//
// On Windows, only the 0200 bit (owner writable) of mode is used; it
// controls whether the file's read-only attribute is set or cleared.
// The other bits are currently unused. For compatibility with Go 1.12
// and earlier, use a non-zero mode. Use mode 0400 for a read-only
// file and 0600 for a readable+writable file.
//
// On Plan 9, the mode's permission bits, ModeAppend, ModeExclusive,
// and ModeTemporary are used.
func Chmod(name string, mode FileMode) error { return chmod(name, mode) }
// Chmod changes the mode of the file to mode.
// If there is an error, it will be of type *PathError.
func (f *File) Chmod(mode FileMode) error { return f.chmod(mode) }
// SetDeadline sets the read and write deadlines for a File.
// It is equivalent to calling both SetReadDeadline and SetWriteDeadline.
//
// Only some kinds of files support setting a deadline. Calls to SetDeadline
// for files that do not support deadlines will return ErrNoDeadline.
// On most systems ordinary files do not support deadlines, but pipes do.
//
// A deadline is an absolute time after which I/O operations fail with an
// error instead of blocking. The deadline applies to all future and pending
// I/O, not just the immediately following call to Read or Write.
// After a deadline has been exceeded, the connection can be refreshed
// by setting a deadline in the future.
//
// An error returned after a timeout fails will implement the
// Timeout method, and calling the Timeout method will return true.
// The PathError and SyscallError types implement the Timeout method.
// In general, call IsTimeout to test whether an error indicates a timeout.
//
// An idle timeout can be implemented by repeatedly extending
// the deadline after successful Read or Write calls.
//
// A zero value for t means I/O operations will not time out.
func (f *File) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
return f.setDeadline(t)
}
// SetReadDeadline sets the deadline for future Read calls and any
// currently-blocked Read call.
// A zero value for t means Read will not time out.
// Not all files support setting deadlines; see SetDeadline.
func (f *File) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
return f.setReadDeadline(t)
}
// SetWriteDeadline sets the deadline for any future Write calls and any
// currently-blocked Write call.
// Even if Write times out, it may return n > 0, indicating that
// some of the data was successfully written.
// A zero value for t means Write will not time out.
// Not all files support setting deadlines; see SetDeadline.
func (f *File) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
return f.setWriteDeadline(t)
}
// SyscallConn returns a raw file.
// This implements the syscall.Conn interface.
func (f *File) SyscallConn() (syscall.RawConn, error) {
if err := f.checkValid("SyscallConn"); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return newRawConn(f)
}
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