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<h1>How to use Ghostscript</h1>
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<h2>Table of contents</h2>
<blockquote><ul>
<li><a href="#Invoking">Invoking Ghostscript</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Help_command">Help at the command line: <b><tt>gs -h</tt></b></a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Output_device">Selecting an output device</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Output_resolution">Output resolution</a>
<li><a href="#File_output">Output to files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#One_page_per_file">One page per file</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Paper_size">Choosing paper size</a>
<li><a href="#Change_default_size">Changing the installed default paper size</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Pipes">Interacting with pipes</a>
<li><a href="#PDF">Using Ghostscript with PDF files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#PDF_switches">Switches for PDF files</a>
<li><a href="#PDF_problems">Problems interpreting a PDF file</a>
<li><a href="#PDF_stdin">PDF files from standard input</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#EPS">Using Ghostscript with EPS files</a>
<li><a href="#SPOT">Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors</a>
<li><a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#PS_resources">Finding PostScript Level 2 resources</a>
<li><a href="#Font_lookup">Font lookup</a>
<li><a href="#CIDFonts">CID fonts</a>
<li><a href="#CIDFontSubstitution">CID font substitution</a>
<li><a href="#Temp_files">Temporary files</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Platforms">Notes on specific platforms</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Unix">Unix</a>
<li><a href="#VMS">VMS</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#VMS_X_Windows">Using X Windows on VMS</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#MS_Windows">MS Windows</a>
<li><a href="#X_Windows">X Windows</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#X_resources">X resources</a>
<li><a href="#X_server_bugs">Working around bugs in X servers</a>
<li><a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>
<li><a href="#GS_fonts_as_X_fonts">Using Ghostscript fonts on X displays</a>
<li><a href="#X_device_parameters">X device parameters</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#SCO_Unix">SCO Unix</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Options">Command line options</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#General_switches">General switches</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Input_control">Input control</a>
<li><a href="#File_searching">File searching</a>
<li><a href="#Parameters">Setting parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Quiet">Suppress messages</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Parameter_switches">Parameter switches (<b><tt>-d</tt></b> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b>)</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Rendering_parameters">Rendering parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Page_parameters">Page parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Font_related_parameters">Font-related parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Resource_related_parameters">Resource-related parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Interaction_related_parameters">Interaction-related parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Output_selection_parameters">Device and output selection parameters</a>
<li><a href="#EPS_parameters">EPS parameters</a>
<li><a href="#Other_parameters">Other parameters</a>
</ul>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Improving_performance">Improving performance</a>
<li><a href="#Environment_variables">Summary of environment variables</a>
<li><a href="#Debugging">Debugging</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Debug_switches">Debug Switches</a>
<li><a href="#Visual_trace">Visual Trace</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#Known_paper_sizes">Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</a>
<li><a href="#X_font_mappings">Appendix: X default font mappings</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#Standard_X_server_fonts">Standard X servers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#X_regular_fonts">Regular fonts</a>
<li><a href="#X_symbol_fonts">Symbol fonts</a>
<li><a href="#X_dingbat_fonts">Dingbat fonts</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#OpenWindows_fonts">Sun OpenWindows</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="#FAPI_run">Appendix: Running Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers</a>
</ul></blockquote>
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<p>For other information, see the <a href="Readme.htm">Ghostscript
overview</a> and, if necessary, how to
<a href="Install.htm">install Ghostscript</a>.
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<hr>
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<h2><a name="Invoking"></a>Invoking Ghostscript</h2>
<p>This document describes how to use the command line Ghostscript client.
Ghostscript is also used as a general engine inside other applications (for viewing files for example).
Please refer to the documentation for those applications for using Ghostscript in other contexts.
<p><a name="Command_line"></a> The command line to invoke Ghostscript is
essentially the same on all systems, although the name of the executable
program itself may differ among systems. For instance, to invoke
Ghostscript on unix-like systems type:
<blockquote>
<pre><b><tt>gs</tt></b> [options] {filename 1} ... [options] {filename <em>N</em>} ...
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Here are some basic examples. The details of how these work are described below.
<p>To view a file:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH document.pdf</pre></blockquote>
You'll be prompted to press <em>return</em> between pages.
<p>To convert a figure to an image file:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -dGraphicsAlphaBits=4 \
-sOutputFile=tiger.png tiger.eps</pre></blockquote>
<p>To render the same image at 300 dpi:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=png16m -r300 \
-sOutputFile=tiger_300.png tiger.eps
</pre></blockquote>
<p>To render a figure in grayscale:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pnggray -sOutputFile=figure.png figure.pdf
</pre></blockquote>
<p>To rasterize a whole document:
<blockquote><pre>gs -dSAFER -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=pgmraw -r150 \
-dTextAlphaBits=4 -sOutputFile='paper-%00d.pgm' paper.ps</pre></blockquote>
<p>There are also a number of utility scripts for common
to convert a PostScript document to PDF:
<blockquote><pre>ps2pdf file.ps</pre></blockquote>
The output is saved as file.pdf.
<p>There are other utility scripts besides <tt>ps2pdf</tt>, including <tt>pdf2ps</tt>, <tt>ps2epsi</tt>, <tt>pdf2dsc</tt>, <tt>ps2ascii</tt>,
<tt>ps2ps</tt> and <tt>ps2ps2</tt>. These just call Ghostscript with the appropriate
(if complicated) set of options. You can use the 'ps2' set with eps files.
<p>
Ghostscript is capable of interpreting PostScript, encapsulated PostScript
(EPS), DOS EPS (EPSF), and Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF). The interpreter reads and executes the files in sequence, using the method described under "<a href="#File_searching">File searching</a>" to find them.
<p>The interpreter runs in interactive mode by default. After processing the files given on the command line (if any) it reads further lines of PostScript language commands from the primary input stream, normally the keyboard, interpreting each line separately. To quit the interpreter, type "<b><tt>quit</tt></b>". The <tt>-dBATCH -dNOPAUSE</tt> options in the examples above disable the interactive prompting. The interpreter also quits gracefully if it encounters end-of-file or control-C.
<p>
The interpreter recognizes many options. An option may appear anywhere in the command line, and applies to all files named after it on the line. Many of them include "<b><tt>=</tt></b>"
followed by a parameter. The most important are described in detail here. Please see the reference
sections on <a href="#Options">options</a> and <a href="Devices.htm">devices</a> for a more complete listing.
<h3><a name="Help_command"></a>Help at the command line: <b><tt>gs -h</tt></b></h3>
<p>
You can get a brief help message by invoking Ghostscript with the
<b><tt>-h</tt></b> or <b><tt>-?</tt></b> switch, like this:
<blockquote><pre>
gs -h
gs -?
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
The message shows for that version of the Ghostscript executable:
<ul>
<li>the version and release information
<li>the general format of the command line
<li>a few of the most useful options
<li>the formats it can interpret
<li>the available output devices
<li>the search path
<li>the bug report address
</ul>
<p>
On other systems the executable may have a different name:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr bgcolor="#CCCC00">
<th align=left>System
<th>
<th align=left>invocation name
<tr> <td>Unix
<td> <td><b><tt>gs</tt></b>
<tr> <td>VMS
<td> <td><b><tt>gs</tt></b>
<tr> <td>MS Windows 95 and later
<td> <td><b><tt>gswin32c</tt></b>
<tr> <td>MS Windows 3.1/Win32s
<td> <td><b><tt>gswin32</tt></b>
<tr> <td>OS/2
<td> <td><b><tt>gsos2</tt></b>
</table></blockquote>
<h2><a name="Output_device"></a>Selecting an output device</h2>
<p>
Ghostscript has a notion of 'output devices' which handle saving or displaying the results in a particular format. Ghostscript comes with a diverse variety of such devices supporting vector and raster file output, screen display, driving various printers and communicating with other applications.
<p>
The command line option '<tt>-sDEVICE=</tt><em>device</em>' selects which output device Ghostscript should use. If this option isn't given the default device (usually a display device) is used. Ghostscript's built-in help message (<tt>gs -h</tt>) lists
the available output devices. For complete description of the devices distributed with Ghostscript and their options, please see the <a href="Devices.htm">devices section</a> of the documentation.
<p><a name="Device_output"></a>
Note that this switch must precede the name of the first input file, and
only its first use has any effect. For example, for printer output in a
configuration that includes an Epson printer driver, instead of just
<tt>'gs myfile.ps'</tt> you might use
<blockquote>
<b><tt>gs -sDEVICE=epson myfile.ps</tt></b>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="GS_DEVICE"></a>
The output device can also be set through the <tt>GS_DEVICE</tt> environment variable.
<p>
Once you invoke Ghostscript
you can also find out what devices are available by typing
'<tt>devicenames ==</tt>' at the interactive prompt.
You can set the output device and process a file from the interactive prompt as well:
<blockquote><pre>
(epson) selectdevice
(myfile.ps) run
</pre></blockquote>
All output then goes to the Epson printer instead of the display until you
do something to change devices. You can switch devices at any time by
using the <tt>selectdevice</tt> procedure, for
instance like one of these:
<blockquote><pre>
(x11alpha) selectdevice
(epson) selectdevice
</pre></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Output_resolution"></a>Output resolution</h3>
<p>
Some printers can print at several different resolutions, letting you
balance resolution against printing speed. To select the resolution on
such a printer, use the <b><tt>-r</tt></b> switch:
<blockquote>
<b><tt>gs -sDEVICE=</tt></b><em>printer</em><b><tt> -r</tt></b><em>XRES</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>YRES</em>
</blockquote>
where <em>XRES</em> and <em>YRES</em> are the requested number of dots (or pixels) per inch. Where the two resolutions are same, as is the common case, you can simply use <tt>-r</tt><em>res</em>.
<p>
The <tt>-r</tt> option is also useful for controlling the density of pixels when rasterizing to an image file. It is used this way in the examples at the beginning of this document.
<h3><a name="File_output"></a>Output to files</h3>
<p>
Ghostscript also allows you to control where it sends its output. With a display device this isn't necessary as the device handles presenting the output on screen internally. Some specialized printer drivers operate this way as well, but most devices are general and need to be directed to a particular file or printer.
<p>
To send the output to a file, use the <tt>-sOutputFile=</tt> switch.
For instance, to direct all output into the file <tt>ABC.xyz</tt>, use
<blockquote><b><tt>
gs -sOutputFile=ABC.xyz
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
When printing on MS Windows systems, output normally goes directly to the printer, <tt>PRN</tt>. On Unix and VMS systems it normally goes to a temporary file which is sent to the printer in a separate step. When using Ghostscript as a file rasterizer (converting PostScript or PDF to a raster image format) you will of course want to specify an appropriately named file for the output.
<p>
Ghostscript also accepts the special filename '<tt>-</tt>' which indicates the output should be written to standard output (the command shell).
<p>
Be aware that filenames beginning with the character <tt>%</tt> have a special meaning in PostScript. If you need to specify a file name that actually
begins with <tt>%</tt>, you must prepend the <tt>%os%</tt> filedevice explicitly. For example to output to a file named <tt>%abc</tt>, you need to specify
<blockquote>
<b><tt>gs -sOutputFile=%os%%abc</tt></b>
</blockquote>
Please see <a href="Language.htm">Ghostscript and the PostScript Language</a> and the PostScript Language Reference Manual for more details on <tt>%</tt> and filedevices.
<p>
Note that on MS Windows systems, the <b><tt>%</tt></b> character also has a special meaning for the command processor (shell), so you will have to double it:
<blockquote>
<b><tt>gs -sOutputFile=%%os%%%%abc</tt></b> (on MS Windows)
</blockquote>
<h4><a name="One_page_per_file"></a>One page per file</h4>
<p>
Specifying a single output file works fine for printing and rasterizing
figures, but sometimes you want images of each page of a multi-page
document. You can tell Ghostscript to put each page of output in a
series of similarly named files. To do this place a template
'<tt>%d</tt>' in the filename which Ghostscript will replace with the
page number.
<p>
You can also control the number of digits used in the file name:
<blockquote><dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=ABC-%d.png</tt></b>
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC-1.png</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC-10.png</tt>', ...<p>
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=ABC-%03d.pgm</tt></b>
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC-001.pgm</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC-010.pgm</tt>', ...<p>
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=ABC_p%04d.tiff</tt></b>
<dd>produces '<tt>ABC_p0001.tiff</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC_p0510.tiff</tt>', ... , '<tt>ABC_p5238.tiff</tt>'<p>
</dl></blockquote>
Generally <tt>%03d</tt> is the best option for normal documents.
<p>
Note however that this features is not supported by all devices; in particular
it does not work with document-oriented output devices like <tt>pdfwrite</tt> and
<tt>pswrite</tt>. See the <tt>-dFirstPage</tt> and <tt>-dLastPage</tt> switches
<a href="#PDF_switches">below</a> for a way to extract single pdf pages.
<p>
As noted above, on MS Windows systems, you will have to double the
<tt>%</tt> character, e.g.,
<blockquote><tt><b>
gs -sOutputFile=ABC%%03d.xyz
</b></tt></blockquote>
<h3><a name="Paper_size"></a>Choosing paper size</h3>
<p>
Ghostscript is distributed configured to use U.S. letter paper as its
default page size. There are two ways to select other paper sizes from the
command line:
<ul>
<li>
If the desired paper size is listed in the section on <a
href="#Known_paper_sizes">paper sizes known to Ghostscript</a> below, you
can select it as the default paper size for a single invocation of
Ghostscript by using the <b><tt>-sPAPERSIZE=</tt></b> switch, for instance
<blockquote><b><tt>
-sPAPERSIZE=a4<br>
-sPAPERSIZE=legal
</tt></b></blockquote>
<li>
Otherwise you can set the page size using the
pair of switches
<blockquote>
<b><tt>-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=</tt></b><em>w</em>
<b><tt>-dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=</tt></b><em>h</em>
</blockquote>
Where <em>w</em> be the desired paper width and <em>h</em> be the
desired paper height in <em>points</em> (units of 1/72 of an inch).
</ul>
<p>
Individual documents can (and often do) specify a paper size, which takes
precedence over the default size. To force a specific paper size and
ignore the paper size specified in the document, select a paper size as
just described, and also include the
<a href="#FIXEDMEDIA"><b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b> switch</a> on the
command line.
<p>
The default set of paper sizes will be included in the <b><tt>currentpagedevice</tt></b>
in the <b><tt>InputAttributes</tt></b> dictionary with each paper size as
one of the entries. The last entry in the dictionary (which has numeric keys)
is a non-standard (Ghostscript extension) type of PageSize where the array
has four elements rather than the standard two elements. This four element
array represents a page size range where the first two elements are the lower
bound of the range and the second two are the upper bound. By default these
are [0, 0] for the lower bound and [16#fffff, 16#fffff] for the upper bound.
<br>
The range type of PageSize is intended to allow flexible page size sepcification
for non-printer file formats such as JPEG, PNG, TIFF, EPS, ...
<br>
For actual printers, either the entire <b><tt>InputAttributes</tt></b> dictionary
should be replaced or the range type entry should not be included. To simplify
using the default page sizes in the <b><tt>InputAttributes</tt></b> dictionary,
the command line option <b><tt>-dNORANGEPAGESIZE</tt></b> can be used. Using
this option will result in automatic rotation of the document page if the requested
page size matches one of the default page sizes.
<h3><a name="Change_default_size"></a>Changing the installed default paper size</h3>
<p>
You can change the installed default paper size on an installed version of Ghostscript, by editing the initialization file <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b>.
This file is usually in the <tt>lib</tt> directory somewhere in the search path. See the section on <a href="#Finding_files">finding files</a> for details.
<p>
Find the line
<blockquote><pre>
% /DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Then to make A4 the default paper size, uncomment the line to change
this to
<blockquote><pre>
/DEFAULTPAPERSIZE (a4) def
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
For <tt>a4</tt> you can substitute any
<a href="#Known_paper_sizes">paper size Ghostscript knows</a>.
<p>
This supecedes the previous method of uncommenting the line
<b><tt>% (a4) ...</tt></b>.
<p>
Sometimes the initialization files are compiled into Ghostscript and cannot be changed.
<h2><a name="Pipes"></a>Interacting with pipes</h2>
<p>
As noted above, input files are normally specified on the command
line. However, one can also "pipe" input into Ghostscript from another
program by using the special file name '<b><tt>-</tt></b>' which is interpreted as standard input. Examples:
<blockquote>
{<em>some program producing ps</em>} <b><tt>| gs</tt></b> [options] <b><tt>-</tt></b>
<br>
<tt>zcat paper.ps.gz</tt> <b><tt>| gs</tt></b> <b><tt>-</tt></b>
</blockquote>
<p>
<em>Ghostscript cannot read PDF files from standard input or a pipe because the PDF language inherently requires random access to the file. Thus '<tt>-</tt>' only works with PostScript documents.</em>
<p>
When Ghostscript finishes reading from the pipe, it quits rather than
going into interactive mode. Because of this, options and files after the '<tt>-</tt>' in the command line will be ignored.
<p>
On Unix and MS Windows systems you can send output to a pipe in the same way. For example, to pipe the output to <tt>lpr</tt>, use the command
<blockquote><tt>
<b>gs -q -sOutputFile=- |</b> lpr
</tt></blockquote>
<p>
In this case you must also use the <a href="#Quiet"><b><tt>-q</tt></b>
switch</a> to prevent Ghostscript from writing messages to standard output
which become mixed with the intended output stream.
<p>
Similar results can be obtained with the <tt>%stdout</tt> and <tt>%pipe%</tt> filedevices. The example above would become
<blockquote><tt>
<b>gs -sOutputFile=%stdout -q |</b> lpr
</tt></blockquote>
or
<blockquote><tt>
<b>gs -sOutputFile=%pipe%</b>lpr
</tt></blockquote>
(again, doubling the <b><tt>%</tt></b> character on MS Windows systems.)
<p>
In the last case, <tt>-q</tt> isn't necessary since Ghostscript handles the pipe itself and messages sent to stdout will be printed as normal.
<h2><a name="PDF"></a>Using Ghostscript with PDF files</h2>
<p>
Ghostscript is normally built to interpret both PostScript and PDF files, examining each file to determine automatically whether its contents are PDF or PostScript. All the normal switches and procedures for interpreting PostScript files also apply to PDF files, with a few exceptions. In addition, the
<tt>pdf2ps</tt> utility uses Ghostscript to convert PDF to (Level 2) PostScript.
<h3><a name="PDF_switches"></a>Switches for PDF files</h3>
<p>Here are some command line options specific to PDF
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dFirstPage=</tt></b><em>pagenumber</em>
<dd>Begins interpreting on the designated page of the document.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dLastPage=</tt></b><em>pagenumber</em>
<dd>Stops interpreting after the designated page of the document.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dPDFFitPage</tt></b>
<dd>Rather than selecting a PageSize given by the PDF MediaBox or
CropBox (see -dUseCropBox), the PDF file will be scaled to fit
the current device page size (usually the default page size).
<p>
This is useful to avoid clipping information on a PDF document when
sending to a printer that may have unprintable areas at the edge of
the media larger than allowed for in the document.
<p>
This is also useful for creating fixed size images of PDF files
that may have a variety of page sizes, for example thumbnail images.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dPrinted</tt></b>
<dt><b><tt>-dPrinted=false</tt></b>
<dd>Determines whether the file should be displayed or printed using the
"screen" or "printer" options for annotations and images. With
<b><tt>-dPrinted</tt></b>, the output will use the file's "print"
options; with <b><tt>-dPrinted=false</tt></b>, the output will use the
file's "screen" options. If neither of these is specified, the output will
use the screen options for any output device that doesn't have an
<b><tt>OutputFile</tt></b> parameter, and the printer options for
devices that do have this parameter.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dUseCropBox</tt></b>
<dd>Sets the page size to the CropBox rather than the MediaBox.
Some files have a CropBox that is smaller than the MediaBox and
may include white space, registration or cutting marks outside
the CropBox. Using this option will set the page size
appropriately for a viewer.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sPDFPassword=</tt></b><em>password</em>
<dd>Sets the user or owner password to be used in decoding encrypted
PDF files.
</dl>
<h3><a name="PDF_problems"></a>Problems interpreting a PDF file</h3>
<p>
Occasionally you may try to read or print a 'PDF' file that
Ghostscript doesn't recognize as PDF, even though the same file
<b><em>can</em></b> be opened and interpreted by an Adobe Acrobat viewer.
In many cases, this is because of incorrectly generated PDF. Acrobat
tends to be very forgiving of invalid PDF files. Ghostscript tends to
expect files to conform to the standard. For example, even though
valid PDF files must begin with <b><tt>%PDF</tt></b>, Acrobat will
scan the first 1000 bytes or so for this string, and ignore any preceding
garbage.
<p>
In the past, Ghostscript's policy has been to simply fail with an
error message when confronted with these files. This policy has, no
doubt, encouraged PDF generators to be more careful. However, we now
recognize that this behavior is not very friendly for people who just
want to use Ghostscript to view or print PDF files. Our new policy is
to try to render broken PDF's, and also to print a warning, so that
Ghostscript is still useful as a sanity-check for invalid files.
<h3><a name="PDF_stdin"></a>PDF files from standard input</h3>
<p>
The PDF language, unlike the PostScript language, inherently requires
random access to the file.
If you provide PDF to standard input using the
special filename <a href="#Pipes">'<tt>-</tt>'</a>,
Ghostscript will copy it to a temporary file before interpreting the PDF.
<h2><a name="EPS"></a>Using Ghostscript with EPS files</h2>
<p>
Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) files are intended to be incorporated
in other PostScript documents and may not display or print on their
own. An EPS file must conform to the Document Structuring Conventions,
must include a <b><tt>%%BoundingBox</tt></b> line to indicate the
rectangle in which it will draw, must not use PostScript commands
which will interfere with the document importing the EPS,
and can have either zero pages or one page.
Ghostscript has support for handling EPS files, but requires
that the <b><tt>%%BoundingBox</tt></b> be in the header,
not the trailer.
To customize EPS handling, see <a href="#EPS_parameters">EPS parameters</a>.
<p>
For the official description of the EPS file format, please
refer to the Adobe documentation in their tech note #5002. It
is available from:
<a href="http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html"
class="offsite">
http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/ps/index_specs.html</a>
<h2><a name="SPOT"></a>Using Ghostscript with overprinting and spot colors</h2>
<p>
In general with PostScript and PDF interpreters, the handling of
<b>overprinting</b> and <b>spot colors</b> depends upon the
process color model of the <a href="#Output_device">output device</a>. Devices
that produce gray or RGB output have an <b>additive</b> process color model.
Devices which produce CMYK output have a <b>subtractive</b> process color model.
Devices may, or may not, have support for spot colors.
<blockquote><i>
Note: The differences in appearance of files with overprinting and spot colors
caused by the differences in the color model of the output device are part of the
PostScript and PDF specifications. They are not due to a limitation in the
implementation of Ghostscript or its output devices.
</i></blockquote>
<p>
With devices which use a subtractive process color model, both PostScript
and PDF allow the drawing of objects using colorants (inks) for one or more planes
without affecting the data for the remaining colorants. Thus the inks for one
object may <b><tt>overprint</tt></b> the inks for another object. In some cases
this produces a transparency like effect. (The effects of overprinting should
not be confused with the PDF 1.4 blending operations which are supported for
all output devices.) Overprinting is not allowed for devices with an additive
process color model. With files that use overprinting, the appearance of the
resulting image can differ between devices which produce RGB output versus devices
which produce CMYK output. Ghostscript automatically overprints (if needed)
when the output device uses a subtractive process color model. For example,
if the file is using overprinting, differences can be seen in the appearance
of the output from the <a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff24nc and tiff32nc devices</a>
which use an RGB and a CMYK process color models.
<p>
Most of the Ghostscript <a href="Devices.htm">output devices</a> do not have
file formats which support spot colors. Instead spot colors are converted using
the tint transform function contained within the color space definition.. However
there are several devices which have support for spot colors. The PSD format
(Adobe Photoshop) produced by the <a href="Devices.htm#PSD">psdcmyk device</a>
contains both the raster data plus an equivalent CMYK color for each spot color.
This allows Photoshop to simulate the appearance of the spot colors. The <a href="Devices.htm#display_device">display
device (MS Windows, OS/2, gtk+)</a> can be used with different color models:
Gray, RGB, CMYK only, or CMYK plus spot colors (separation). The display device,
when using its CMYK plus spot color (separation) mode, also uses an equivalent
CMYK color to simulate the appearance of the spot color. The
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiffsep
device</a> creates output files for each separation (CMYK and any spot colors
present). It also creates a composite CMYK file using an equivalent CMYK color
to simulate the appearance of spot colors. The
<a href="Devices.htm#XCF">xcfcmyk device</a>
creates output files with spot colors placed in separate alpha channels. (The
XCF file format does not currently directly support spot colors.)
<p>
Overprinting with spot colors is not allowed if the tint transform function
is being used to convert spot colors. Thus if spot colors are used with overprinting,
then the appearance of the result can differ between output devices. One result
would be obtained with a CMYK only device and another would be obtained with
a CMYK plus spot color device. In a worst case situation where a file has overprinting
with both process (CMYK) and spot colors, it is possible to get three different
appearances for the same input file using the
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff24nc</a> (RGB),
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiff32nc</a> (CMYK), and
<a href="Devices.htm#TIFF">tiffsep</a> (CMYK plus spot colors) devices.
<blockquote><i>
In Adobe Acrobat, viewing of the effects of overprinting is enabled by the
'Overprint Preview' item in the 'Advanced' menu. This feature is not available
in the free Acrobat Reader. The free Acrobat Reader also uses the tint transform
functions to convert spot colors to the appropriate alternate color space.
</i></blockquote>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Finding_files"></a>How Ghostscript finds files</h2>
<p>
When looking for initialization files (<b><tt>gs_*.ps</tt></b>,
<b><tt>pdf_*.ps</tt></b>), font files, the <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> file,
files named on the command line, and resource files, Ghostscript first tests whether the
file name specifies an absolute path.
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Testing a file name for an absolute path</font><hr>
<tr> <th align=left>System
<td>
<th align=left>Does the name ...
<tr> <td colspan=3><hr>
<tr> <td valign=top>Unix
<td>
<td>Begin with <b><tt><u>/</u></tt></b> ?
<tr> <td valign=top>MS Windows
<td>
<td>Have <b><tt><u>:</u></tt></b> as its second character, or
begin with <b><tt><u>/</u></tt></b>, <b><tt><u>\</u></tt></b>,
or <b><tt><u>//servername/share/</u></tt></b> ?
<tr> <td valign=top>VMS
<td>
<td>Contain a node, device, or root specification?
</table></blockquote>
<p>If the test succeeds, Ghostscript tries to open the file
using the name given. Otherwise it tries directories in this order:
<ol>
<li>The current directory (unless disabled by the
<a href="#P-_switch"><b><tt>-P-</tt></b> switch</a>);
<li>The directories specified by <a href="#I_switch"><b><tt>-I</tt></b>
switches</a> in the command line, if any;
<li>The directories specified by the <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>
environment variable, if any;
<li>The directories specified by the
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b> macro (if any) in the makefile
when this executable was built.
</ol>
<p>
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>,
<b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and the
<b><tt>-I</tt></b> parameter may specify either a single
directory or a list of directories separated by a character appropriate for
the operating system ("<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on Unix systems,
"<b><tt>,</tt></b>" on VMS systems, and
"<b><tt>;</tt></b>" on MS Windows systems). We think that trying
the current directory first is a very bad idea -- it opens serious security
loopholes and can lead to very confusing errors if one has more than one
version of Ghostscript in one's environment -- but when we attempted to
change it, users insisted that we change it back. You can disable looking
in the current directory first by using the
<a href="#P_switch"><b><tt>-P-</tt></b> switch</a>.
<p>
Note that Ghostscript does not use this file searching algorithm for the
<b><tt>run</tt></b> or <b><tt>file</tt></b>
operators: for these operators, it simply opens the file with the name
given. To run a file using the searching algorithm, use
<b><tt>runlibfile</tt></b> instead of
<b><tt>run</tt></b>.
<h3><a name="PS_resources"></a>Finding PostScript Level 2 resources</h3>
<p>
Adobe specifies that resources are installed in a single directory.
Ghostscript instead maintains a list of resource directories,
and uses an extended method for finding resource files.
<p>
The search for a resource file depends on whether
the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
specifies an absolute path. The user may set it as explained in
<a href="#Resource_related_parameters">Resource-related parameters</a>.
<p>
If the user doesn't set the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>,
Ghostscript creates a default value for it with
attaching the string <b><tt>../Resource</tt></b>
to directory paths explained in
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>,
except the current directory.
The first successful combination is used.
<p>
If the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
is an absolute path (the default),
Ghostscript assumes a single resource directory.
It concatenates :
<ol>
<li>The value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>;
<li>The name of the resource category (for instance, <b><tt>CMap</tt></b>);
<li>The name of the resource instance (for instance, <b><tt>Identity-H</tt></b>).
</ol>
<p>If the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
is not an absolute path,
Ghostscript assumes multiple resource directories.
In this case it concatenates :
<ol>
<li>A directory listed in the section
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>,
except the current directory;
<li>The value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>;
<li>The name of the resource category (for instance, <b><tt>CMap</tt></b>);
<li>The name of the resource instance (for instance, <b><tt>Identity-H</tt></b>)
</ol>
Due to possible variety of the part 1, the first successful combination is used.
For example, if the value of the system parameter <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
is the string <b><tt>../Resource/</tt></b>
(or its equivalent in the file path syntax of the underlying platform),
Ghostscript searches for <b><tt>../Resource/CMap/Identity-H</tt></b>
from all directories listed in
<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds files</a>.
So in this example, if the user on a Windows platform specifies
the command line option <b><tt>-I.;../gs/lib;c:/gs8.50/lib</tt></b>,
Ghostscript searches for <b><tt>../gs/Resource/CMap/Identity-H</tt></b> and
then for <tt><b>c:/gs8.50/Resource/CMap/Identity-H</b></tt>.
<p>
To get a proper platform dependent syntax Ghostscript inserts
the value of the system parameter
<b><tt>GenericResourcePathSep</tt></b> (initially
"<b><tt>/</tt></b>" on Unix and Windows, "<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on MacOS,
"<b><tt>.</tt></b>" or "<b><tt>]</tt></b>" on OpenVMS).
The string <b><tt>../Resource</tt></b> is replaced with a
platform dependent equivalent.
<p>
In the case of multiple resource directories,
the default <b><tt>ResourceFileName</tt></b> procedure retrieves either a path
to the first avaliable resource, or if the resource is not available it
returns a path starting with <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>.
Consequently Postscript installers of Postscript resources
will overwrite an existing resource or add a new one to the first resource directory.
<p>
To look up fonts, after exhausting the search method described in <a href="#Font_lookup">the
next section</a>, it concatenates together
<ol>
<li>the value of the system parameter
<b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> (initially
<b><tt>/Resource/Font/</tt></b>)
<li>the name of the resource font (for instance, <b><tt>Times-Roman</tt></b>)
</ol>
<p>
Note that even although the system parameters are named "somethingDir", they
are not just plain directory names: they have "<b><tt>/</tt></b>" on the
end, so that they can be concatenated with the category name or font name.
<h3><a name="Font_lookup"></a>Font lookup</h3>
<p>
Ghostscript has a slightly different way to find the file containing a font
with a given name. This rule uses not only the search path defined by
<b><tt>-I</tt></b>, <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b> <a href="#Finding_files">as described
above</a>, but also the directory that is the value of the
<b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> system parameter, and an additional list of
directories that is the value of the <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> environment
variable (or the value provided with the <b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> switch,
if present).
<p>
At startup time, Ghostscript reads in the <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> files in
every directory on the search path (or in the list provided with the
<b><tt>-sFONTMAP=</tt></b> switch, if present): these files are catalogs of
fonts and the files that contain them. (See <a href="Fonts.htm#Fontmap">the
documentation of fonts</a> for details.) Then, when Ghostscript needs to
find a font that isn't already loaded into memory, it goes through a series
of steps.
<ul>
<li>
First, it looks up the font name in the combined Fontmaps. If there is an
entry for the desired font name, and the file named in the entry can be
found in some directory on the general search path (defined by
<b><tt>-I</tt></b>, <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>, and
<b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>), and the file is loaded successfully, and
loading it defines a font of the desired name, that is the end of the
process.
<li>
If this process fails at any step, Ghostscript looks for a file whose name
is the concatenation of the value of the <b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b>
system parameter and the font name, with no extension. If such a file
exists, can be loaded, and defines a font of the desired name, that again is
the end. The value of <b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> is normally the
string <b><tt>/Resource/Font/</tt></b>, but it can be changed with the
<b><tt>setsystemparams</tt></b> operator: see the PostScript Language
Reference Manual for details.
<li>
If that fails, Ghostscript then looks for a file on the general search path
whose name is the desired font name, with no extension. If such a file
exists, can be loaded, and defines a font of the desired name, that again is
the end.
<li>
If that too fails, Ghostscript looks at the <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>
environment variable (or the value provided with the
<b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> switch, if present), which is also a list of
directories. It goes to the first directory on the list, looking for all
files that appear to contain PostScript fonts; it then adds all those files
and fonts to the combined Fontmaps, and starts over.
<li>
If scanning the first FONTPATH directory doesn't produce a file that
provides the desired font, it adds the next directory on the FONTPATH list,
and so on until either the font is defined successfully or the list is
exhausted.
<li>
Finally, if all else fails, it will try to find a substitute for the font
from among the standard 35 fonts.
</ul>
<p>
<a href="#CIDFonts">CID fonts</a> (e.g. Chinese, Japanese and Korean)
are found using a different method.
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Differences between search path and font path</font><hr>
<tr> <th>Search path
<td>
<th>Font path
<tr> <td colspan=3><hr>
<tr> <td><b><tt>-I</tt></b> switch
<td>
<td><b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> switch
<tr> <td>
<tr> <td><b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b> and <b><tt>GS_LIB_DEFAULT</tt></b>
environment variables
<td>
<td><b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> environment variable
<tr> <td>
<tr> <td valign=top>Consulted first
<td>
<td valign=top>Consulted only if search path and
<b><tt>FontResourceDir</tt></b> don't provide the file.
<tr> <td>
<tr> <td valign=top>Font-name-to-file-name mapping given in Fontmap
files; aliases are possible, and there need not be any relation
between the font name in the Fontmap and the
<b><tt>FontName</tt></b> in the file.
<td> <td valign=top>Font-name-to-file-name mapping is
implicit -- the <b><tt>FontName</tt></b> in the file is
used. Aliases are not possible.
<tr> <td>
<tr> <td valign=top>Only fonts and files named in Fontmap are used.
<td>
<td valign=top>Every Type 1 font file in each directory is
available; if TrueType fonts are supported (the
<b><tt>ttfont.dev</tt></b> feature was included when the
executable was built), they are also available.
</table></blockquote>
<p>
If you are using one of the following types of computer, you may wish to
set the environment variable <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> to
the value indicated so that Ghostscript will automatically acquire all the
installed Type 1 (and, if supported, TrueType) fonts (but see below for
notes on systems marked with "*"):
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Suggested <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> for different systems</font><hr>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<th align=left>System type
<td>
<th valign=bottom align=left><b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>
<tr> <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>Digital Unix
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1Adobe</tt></b>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>Ultrix
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/lib/DPS/outline/decwin</tt></b>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>HP-UX 9
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/type1.st/typefaces</tt></b>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>IBM AIX
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/lpp/DPS/fonts/outlines
<br>/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1
<br>/usr/lpp/X11/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/DPS</tt></b>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>NeXT
<td>
<td><b><tt>/NextLibrary/Fonts/outline</tt></b>
<tr> <td>*
<td>
<td valign=top>SGI IRIX
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/lib/DPS/outline/base
<br>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</tt></b>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>SunOS 4.x<br>(NeWSprint only)
<td>
<td valign=top><b><tt>newsprint_2.5/SUNWsteNP/reloc/$BASEDIR/NeWSprint/<br> small_openwin/lib/fonts</tt></b>
<tr> <td>**
<td>
<td valign=top>SunOS 4.x
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</tt></b>
<tr> <td>**
<td>
<td valign=top>Solaris 2.x
<td>
<td><b><tt>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</tt></b>
<tr> <td>
<td>
<td valign=top>VMS
<td>
<td><b><tt>SYS$COMMON:[SYSFONT.XDPS.OUTLINE]</tt></b>
</table>
<hr align=left width="25%">
<p>
<b>*</b> On SGI IRIX systems, you must use <b><tt>Fontmap.SGI</tt></b> in
place of <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> or <b><tt>Fontmap.GS</tt></b>, because
otherwise the entries in <b><tt>Fontmap</tt></b> will take precedence over
the fonts in the FONTPATH directories.
<p>
<b>**</b> On Solaris systems simply setting <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b> or
using <b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b> may not work, because for some reason some
versions of Ghostscript can't seem to find any of the Type1 fonts in
<b><tt>/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline</tt></b>. (It says: "15
files, 15 scanned, 0 new fonts". We think this problem has been fixed in
Ghostscript version 6.0, but we aren't sure because we've never been able to
reproduce it.) See <b><tt>Fontmap.Sol</tt></b> instead. Also, on Solaris
2.x it's probably not worth your while to add Sun's fonts to your font path
and Fontmap. The fonts Sun distributes on Solaris 2.x in the directories
<blockquote><b><tt>
/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1<br>
/usr/openwin/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/outline
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
are already represented among the ones distributed as part of Ghostscript;
and on some test files, Sun's fonts have been shown to cause incorrect
displays with Ghostscript.
</blockquote>
<p>
These paths may not be exactly right for your installation; if the indicated
directory doesn't contain files whose names are familiar font names like
Courier and Helvetica, you may wish to ask your system administrator where
to find these fonts.
<p>
Adobe Acrobat comes with a set of fourteen Type 1 fonts, on Unix typically
in a directory called ...<b><tt>/Acrobat3/Fonts</tt></b>. There is no
particular reason to use these instead of the corresponding fonts in the
Ghostscript distribution (which are of just as good quality), except to save
about a megabyte of disk space, but the installation documentation explains
how to do it <a href="Install.htm#Use_Acrobat_fonts_Unix">on Unix</a>.
<h3><a name="CIDFonts"></a>CID fonts</h3>
<p>
CID fonts are PostScript resources containing a
large number of glyphs (e.g. glyphs for Far East languages,
Chinese, Japanese and Korean).
Please refer to the PostScript Language Reference,
third edition, for details.
<p>
CID font resources are a different kind of PostScript resource from fonts.
In particular, they cannot be used as regular fonts.
CID font resources must first be combined with a CMap resource, which
defines specific codes for glyphs, before it can be used as a font. This
allows the reuse of a collection of glyphs with different encodings.
<p>
The simplest method to request a font composed of a CID font resource
and a CMap resource in a PostScript document is
<blockquote><b><tt>
/CIDFont-CMap findfont
</tt></b></blockquote>
where <b><tt>CIDFont</tt></b> is a name of any
CID font resource, and <b><tt>CMap</tt></b> is a name of a CMap resource
designed for the same character collection. The interpreter will compose
the font automatically from the specified CID font and CMap resources.
Another method is possible using the <b><tt>composefont</tt></b> operator.
<p>
CID fonts must be placed in the <b><tt>/Resource/CIDFont/</tt></b> directory.
They are not found using <a href="#Font_lookup">Font lookup</a>
on the search path or font path.
<h3><a name="CIDFontSubstitution"></a>CID font substitution</h3>
<p>
<p>
Substitution of CID font resources is controlled by the Ghostscript
configuration file <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b>,
which defines a CID font resource map.
The file forms a table of records, each of which should use one of two formats,
explained below. Users may modify <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b> to configure
Ghostscript for a specific need.
<p> To substitute a CID font resource with another CID font resource, add a record like this :
<blockquote><b><tt>
/Substituted /Original ;
</tt></b></blockquote>
where <b><tt>Substituted</tt></b> is a name of CID font resource being used
by a document, and <b><tt>Original</tt></b> is a name of an available
CID font resource. Please pay attention that both them must be
designed for same character collection. In other words, you
cannot substitute a Japanese CID font resource with a Korean CID font resource,
etc. CMap resource names must not appear in
<b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b>. The trailing semicolon and the space before it
are both required.
<p>
To substitute (emulate) a CID font resource with a TrueType font file, add a record like this :
<blockquote><b><tt>
/Substituted << keys&values >> ;
</tt></b></blockquote>
Where <b><tt>keys&values</tt></b> are explained in the table below.
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
<tr valign="top"> <th>Key
<th>Type
<th>Description
<tr valign="top"> <td><b><tt>/Path</tt></b>
<td>string
<td>A path to a TrueType font file. This must be an absolute path.
If using <b><tt><a href="#Safer">-dSAFER</a></tt></b>, the directory
containing the font file must be on one of the permitted paths.
<tr valign="top"> <td><b><tt>/FileType</tt></b>
<td>name
<td>Must be <b><tt>/TrueType</tt></b>.
<tr valign="top"> <td><b><tt>/SubfontID</tt></b>
<td>integer
<td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as TTC.
This is ignored if <b><tt>Path</tt></b> doesn't specify a collection.
The first font in a collection is 0.
Default value is 0.
<tr valign="top"> <td><b><tt>/CSI</tt></b>
<td>array of 2 elements
<td>(required) Information for building <b><tt>CIDSystemInfo</tt></b>.
The first element is a string, which specifies <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>.
The second element is a number, which specifies <b><tt>Supplement</tt></b>.
</table>
<p>
Currently only CIDFontType 2 can be emulated with a TrueType font.
The TrueType font must contain enough characters to cover an
Adobe character collection, which is specified in <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b> and used in documents.
<p>
Examples :
<blockquote><b><tt>
/Ryumin-Medium /ShinGo-Bold ;<br>
/MS-Mincho << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/msmincho.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Japan1) 3] >> ;<br>
/Ryumin-Light /MS-Mincho ;<br>
<br>
/Batang << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/batang.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] >> ;<br>
/Gulim << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] >> ;<br>
/Dotum << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/gulim.ttc) /SubfontID 2 /CSI [(Korea1) 3] >> ;<br>
/HYSMyeongJo-Medium /Batang ;<br>
/HYRGoThic-Medium /Gulim ;<br>
/HYGoThic-Medium /Dotum ;<br>
<br>
/SimSun << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simsun.ttc) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] >> ;<br>
/SimHei << /FileType /TrueType /Path (C:/WINDOWS/fonts/simhei.ttf) /SubfontID 0 /CSI [(GB1) 2] >> ;<br>
/STSong-Light /SimSun ;<br>
/STHeiti-Regular /SimHei ;<br>
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
Note that the font file path uses Postscript syntax for strings.
Due to that backslashes must be represented as a double backslash each.
<p>
Note that loading truetype fonts directly from
<b>><tt>/Resources/CIDFont</tt></b> is no longer supported.
There is no reliable way to generate a character ordering for truetype
fonts. The 7.0x versions of Ghostscript supported this by assuming a Japanese
character ordering. This is replaced in the 8.0x and later releases with the more
general <b><tt>cidfmap</tt></b> mechanism.
<p>
The PDF specification requires CID font files to be embedded,
however some documents omit them. As a workaround
the PDF interpreter applies an additional substitution method when
a requested CID font resource is not embedded and it is not available.
It takes values of the keys <b><tt>Registry</tt></b> and <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>
from the <b><tt>CIDFontSystem</tt></b> dictionary,
and concatenates them with a dash inserted.
For example, if a PDF CID font resource specifies
<blockquote><b><tt>
/CIDSystemInfo << /Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (CNS1) /Supplement 1 >>
</tt></b></blockquote>
the generated subsitituite name is <b><tt>Adobe-CNS1</tt></b>.
The latter may look some confusing for a font name,
but we keep it for compatibility with older Ghostscript versions,
which do so due to a historical reason.
Add a proper record to <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b> to provide it.
<p>
Please note that when a PDF font resource specifies
<blockquote><b><tt>
/Registry (Adobe) /Ordering (Identity)
</tt></b></blockquote>
there is no way to determine the language properly.
If the CID font file is not embedded, the <b><tt>Adobe-Identity</tt></b>
record depends on the document and a correct record isn't possible when
a document refers to multiple Far East languages.
In the latter case add individual records for specific CID font names used in the document.
<p>
Consequently, if you want to handle any PDF document with
non-embedded CID fonts (which isn't a correct PDF),
you need to create a suitable <b><tt>lib/cidfmap</tt></b> by hand,
possibly a specific one for each document.
<h3><a name="Temp_files"></a>Temporary files</h3>
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Where Ghostscript puts temporary files</font><hr>
<tr valign=bottom>
<th align=left>Platform
<td>
<th align=left>Filename
<td>
<th align=left>Location
<tr> <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr valign=top> <td>MS Windows and OpenVMS
<td>
<td><b><tt>_temp_</tt></b>XX.XXX
<td>
<td>Current directory
<tr valign=top> <td>OS/2
<td>
<td><b><tt>gs</tt></b>XXXXXX
<td>
<td>Current directory
<tr valign=top> <td>Unix
<td>
<td><b><tt>gs_</tt></b>XXXXX
<td>
<td><b><tt>/tmp</tt></b>
</table></blockquote>
<p>
You can change in which directory Ghostscript creates temporary files by
setting the <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> or <b><tt>TEMP</tt></b> environment
variable to the name of the directory you want used. Ghostscript currently
doesn't do a very good job of deleting temporary files if it exits because
of an error; you may have to delete them manually from time to time.
<hr>
<h2><a name="Platforms"></a>Notes on specific platforms</h2>
<h3><a name="Unix"></a>Unix</h3>
<p>
The Ghostscript distribution includes some Unix shell scripts to use with
Ghostscript in different environments. These are all user-contributed
code, so if you have questions, please contact the user identified in the
file, not Aladdin Enterprises or artofcode LLC.
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>pv.sh</tt></b>
<dd>Preview a specified page of a <b><tt>dvi</tt></b> file in an X window
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>sysvlp.sh</tt></b>
<dd>System V 3.2 lp interface for parallel printer
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>pj-gs.sh</tt></b>
<dd>Printing on an H-P PaintJet under HP-UX
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>unix-lpr.sh</tt></b>
<dd>Queue filter for <b><tt>lpr</tt></b> under Unix;
<a href="Unix-lpr.htm">its documentation</a> is intended for system
administrators
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>lprsetup.sh</tt></b>
<dd>Setup for <b><tt>unix-lpr.sh</tt></b>
</dl>
<hr>
<h3><a name="VMS"></a>VMS</h3>
<ul>
<li>To be able to specify switches and file names when invoking the
interpreter, define <b><tt>gs</tt></b> as a foreign command:
<blockquote>
<b><tt>$ gs == "$</tt></b><em>disk</em><b><tt>:[</tt></b><em>directory</em><b><tt>]gs.exe</tt></b>"
</blockquote>
<p>
where the "<em>disk</em>" and "<em>directory</em>" specify where
the Ghostscript executable is located. For instance,
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ gs == "$dua1:[ghostscript]gs.exe"
</tt></b></blockquote>
<li>On VMS systems, the last character of each "directory" name indicates
what sort of entity the "directory" refers to. If the "directory" name
ends with a colon "<b><tt>:</tt></b>", it is taken to refer to a logical
device, for instance
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ define ghostscript_device dua1:[ghostscript_510]<br>
$ define gs_lib ghostscript_device:
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
If the "directory" name ends with a closing square bracket
"<b><tt>]</tt></b>", it is taken to refer to a real directory, for instance
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ define gs_lib dua1:[ghostscript]
</tt></b></blockquote>
<li>Defining the logical <b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b>
<blockquote>
<b><tt>$ define gs_lib</tt></b> <em>disk</em><b><tt>:[</tt></b><em>directory</em><b><tt>]</tt></b>
</blockquote>
<p>
allows Ghostscript to find its initialization files in the Ghostscript
directory even if that's not where the executable resides.<br>
<li>Although VMS DCL itself converts unquoted parameters to upper case, C
programs such as Ghostscript receive their parameters through the C runtime
library, which forces all unquoted command-line parameters to lower case.
That is, with the command
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ gs -Isys$login:
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
Ghostscript sees the switch as <b><tt>-isys$login</tt></b>,
which doesn't work. To preserve the case of switches, quote them like
this:
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ gs "-Isys$login:"
</tt></b></blockquote>
<li>If you write printer output to a file with
<b><tt>-sOutputFile=</tt></b> and then want to print the file later, use
"<b><tt>PRINT/PASSALL</tt></b>".
</ul>
<ul>
<li>PDF files (or PostScript files that use the
<b><tt>setfileposition</tt></b> operator) must be "stream LF" type files to
work properly on VMS systems. (<b><em>Note:</em></b> This definitely matters
if Ghostscript was compiled with DEC C; we are not sure of the situation if
you use <b><tt>gcc</tt></b>.) Because of this, if you transfer files by
FTP, you probably need to do one of these two things after the transfer:
<ol>
<li>If the FTP transfer was in text (ASCII) mode:
<blockquote>
<b><tt>$ convert/fdl=streamlf.fdl</tt></b> input-file output-file
</blockquote>
<p>
where the contents of the file <b><tt>STREAMLF.FDL</tt></b> are
<blockquote>
<pre>FILE
ORGANIZATION sequential
RECORD
BLOCK_SPAN yes
CARRIAGE_CONTROL carriage_return
FORMAT stream_lf
</pre></blockquote>
<li>If the FTP transfer was in binary mode:
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ set file/attribute=(rfm:stmlf)
</tt></b></blockquote>
</ol>
</ul>
<h4><a name="VMS_X_Windows"></a>Using X Windows on VMS</h4>
<p>
If you are using on an X Windows display, you can set it up with the node
name and network transport, for instance
<blockquote><b><tt>
$ set display/create/node="doof.city.com"/transport=tcpip
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
and then run Ghostscript by typing <b><tt>gs</tt></b> at the command line.
<hr>
<h3><a name="MS_Windows"></a>MS Windows</h3>
<p>
The name of the Ghostscript command line executable on MS Windows is
<tt>gswin32c</tt> so use this instead of the plain '<tt>gs</tt>' in
the quickstart examples.
<p>
You must add <em>gs\</em><tt>bin</tt> and
<em>gs\</em><tt>lib</tt> to the <b><tt>PATH</tt></b>, where
<em>gs</em> is the top-level Ghostscript directory.
<p>
When passing options to ghostcript through a batch file wrapper such as
<tt>ps2pdf.bat</tt> you need to substitute '#' for '=' as the separator
between options and their arguments. For example:
<blockquote><pre>
ps2pdf -sPAPERSIZE#a4 file.ps file.pdf
</pre></blockquote>
Ghostscript treats '#' the same internally, and the '=' is mangled by
the command shell.
<p>
There is also an older version for windows called just <tt>gswin32</tt>
that provides its own window for the interactive postscript prompt. Except
on Windows 3.1, gswin32c is the better option since it uses the
native command prompt window.
<hr>
<h3><a name="MS-DOS"></a>MS-DOS</h3>
<p>
<strong>Note:</strong> Ghostscript is no longer supported on MS-DOS.
<p>
Invoking Ghostscript from the command prompt in Windows is supported by
the Windows executable described above.
<hr>
<h3><a name="X_Windows"></a>X Windows</h3>
<p>
Ghostscript looks for the following resources under the program name
<b><tt>ghostscript</tt></b> and class name
<b><tt>Ghostscript</tt></b>; the ones marked "**" are
calculated from display metrics:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">X Windows resources</font><hr>
<tr> <th align=left>Name
<td>
<th align=left>Class
<td>
<th align=left>Default
<tr> <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr> <td><b><tt>background</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Background</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>white</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>foreground</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Foreground</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>black</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>borderColor</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>BorderColor</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>black</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>borderWidth</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>BorderWidth</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>1</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>geometry</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Geometry</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>NULL</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>xResolution</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Resolution</tt></b>
<td>
<td>**
<tr> <td><b><tt>yResolution</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Resolution</tt></b>
<td>
<td>**
<tr> <td><b><tt>useExternalFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>UseExternalFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>useScalableFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>UseScalableFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>logExternalFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>LogExternalFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>false</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>externalFontTolerance</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>ExternalFontTolerance</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>10.0</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>palette</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Palette</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>Color</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>maxGrayRamp</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>MaxGrayRamp</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>128</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>maxRGBRamp</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>MaxRGBRamp</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>5</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>maxDynamicColors</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>MaxDynamicColors</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>256</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>useBackingPixmap</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>UseBackingPixmap</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>useXPutImage</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>UseXPutImage</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>useXSetTile</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>UseXSetTile</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>true</tt></b>
<tr> <td><b><tt>regularFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>RegularFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
<tr> <td><b><tt>symbolFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>SymbolFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
<tr> <td><b><tt>dingbatFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td><b><tt>DingbatFonts</tt></b>
<td>
<td>See "<a href="#X_fonts">X fonts</a>"
</table></blockquote>
<h4><a name="X_resources"></a>X resources</h4>
<ul>
<li>
To set X resources, put them in a file (such as
<b><tt>~/.Xdefaults</tt></b> on Unix) in a form like this:
<blockquote><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><td><b><tt>Ghostscript*geometry:</tt></b><td><b><tt> </tt></b><td><b><tt>595x842-0+0</tt></b>
<tr><td><b><tt>Ghostscript*xResolution:</tt></b><td><b><tt> </tt></b><td><b><tt>72</tt></b>
<tr><td><b><tt>Ghostscript*yResolution:</tt></b><td><b><tt> </tt></b><td><b><tt>72</tt></b>
</table></blockquote>
<p>
Then merge these resources into the X server's resource database:
<blockquote><b><tt>
xrdb -merge ~/.Xdefaults
</tt></b></blockquote>
<li>
Ghostscript doesn't look at the default system background and foreground
colors; if you want to change the background or foreground color, you must
set them explicitly for Ghostscript. This is a deliberate choice, so that
PostScript documents will display correctly by default -- with white as
white and black as black -- even if text windows use other colors.
<li>
The <b><tt>geometry</tt></b> resource affects only window placement.
<li>
Resolution is expressed in pixels per inch (1 inch = 25.4mm).
<li>
The font tolerance gives the largest acceptable difference in height of the
screen font, expressed as a percentage of the height of the desired font.
<li>
The <b><tt>palette</tt></b> resource can be used to restrict Ghostscript to
using a grayscale or monochrome palette.
<li>
<b><tt>maxRGBRamp</tt></b> and
<b><tt>maxGrayRamp</tt></b> control the maximum number of
colors that ghostscript allocates ahead of time for the dither cube (ramp).
Ghostscript never preallocates more than half the cells in a colormap.
<b><tt>maxDynamicColors</tt></b> controls the maximum
number of colors that Ghostscript will allocate dynamically in the
colormap.
</ul>
<h4><a name="X_server_bugs"></a>Working around bugs in X servers</h4>
<p>
The "<b><tt>use</tt></b>..." resources exist primarily to work around bugs
in X servers.
<ul>
<li> Old versions of DEC's X server (DECwindows) have bugs that
require setting <b><tt>useXPutImage</tt></b> or
<b><tt>useXSetTile</tt></b> to
<b><tt>false</tt></b>.
<li> Some servers do not implement backing pixmaps properly, or do not
have enough memory for them. If you get strange behavior or "out
of memory" messages, try setting
<b><tt>useBackingPixmap</tt></b> to
<b><tt>false</tt></b>.
<li> Some servers do not implement tiling properly. This appears
as broad bands of color where dither patterns should appear. If
this happens, try setting
<b><tt>useXSetTile</tt></b> to
<b><tt>false</tt></b>.
<li> Some servers do not implement bitmap or pixmap displaying properly.
This may appear as white or black rectangles where characters
should appear; or characters may appear in "inverse video" (for
instance, white on a black rectangle rather than black on white).
If this happens, try setting
<b><tt>useXPutImage</tt></b> to
<b><tt>false</tt></b>.
</ul>
<h4><a name="X_fonts"></a>X fonts</h4>
<p>
To use native X11 fonts, Ghostscript must map PostScript font names to the
XLFD font names. The resources <b><tt>regularFonts</tt></b>
(fonts available in standard or ISO-Latin-1 encoding),
<b><tt>symbolFonts</tt></b> (using Symbol encoding), and
<b><tt>dingbatFonts</tt></b> (using Dingbat encoding) give
the name mapping for different encodings. The XLFD font name in the
mapping must contain 7 dashes; the X driver adds the additional size and
encoding fields to bring the total number of dashes in the font name to 14.
See the appendix "<a href="#X_font_mappings">X default font mappings</a>"
for the full list of default mappings.
<p>
Users who switch regularly between different X servers may wish to use the
"*" wild card in place of the foundry name
(<b><tt>itc</tt></b>,
<b><tt>monotype</tt></b>,
<b><tt>linotype</tt></b>,
<b><tt>b&h</tt></b>, or
<b><tt>adobe</tt></b>); users who do not switch X servers
should leave the explicit foundry in the name, since it speeds up access to
fonts.
<p>
Ghostscript takes advantage of the "HP XLFD Enhancements," if available, to
use native X11 fonts for fonts that are anamorphically scaled, rotated, or
mirrored. If the changes have been installed to the X or font server, they
are automatically used when appropriate.
<h4><a name="GS_fonts_as_X_fonts"></a>Using Ghostscript fonts on X displays</h4>
<p>
Font files distributed with Ghostscript can be used on X Windows displays.
You can find full instructions in the
<a href="Fonts.htm#Use_gs_fonts_with_X">documentation on fonts</a>.
<h4><a name="X_device_parameters"></a>X device parameters</h4>
<p>
In addition to the device parameters recognized by <a
href="Language.htm#Device_parameters">all devices</a>, Ghostscript's X
driver provides parameters to adjust its performance. Users will rarely
need to modify these. Note that these are parameters to be set with the
<b><tt>-d</tt></b> switch in the command line (e.g.,
<b><tt>-dMaxBitmap=10000000</tt></b>), not resources to be defined in the
<b><tt>~/.Xdefaults</tt></b> file.
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>AlwaysUpdate <boolean></tt></b>
<dd>If <b><tt>true</tt></b>, the driver updates the screen after each
primitive drawing operation; if <b><tt>false</tt></b> (the default), the
driver uses an intelligent buffered updating algorithm.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>MaxBitmap <integer></tt></b>
<dd>If the amount of memory required to hold the pixmap for the window is no
more than the value of <b><tt>MaxBitmap</tt></b>, the driver will draw to a
pixmap in Ghostscript's address space (called a "client-side pixmap") and
will copy it to the screen from time to time; if the amount of memory
required for the pixmap exceeds the value of <b><tt>MaxBitmap</tt></b>, the
driver will draw to a server pixmap. Using a client-side pixmap usually
provides better performance -- for bitmap images, possibly much better
performance -- but since it may require quite a lot of RAM (e.g., about 2.2
Mb for a 24-bit 1024x768 window), the default value of
<b><tt>MaxBitmap</tt></b> is 0.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>MaxTempPixmap, MaxTempImage, MaxBufferedTotal, MaxBufferedArea,
MaxBufferedCount <integer></tt></b>
<dd>These control various aspects of the driver's buffering behavior. For
details, please consult the source file <b><tt>gdevx.h</tt></b>.
</dl>
<hr>
<h3><a name="SCO_Unix"></a>SCO Unix</h3>
<p>
Because of bugs in the SCO Unix kernel, Ghostscript will not work if you
select direct screen output and also allow it to write messages on the
console. If you are using direct screen output, redirect Ghostscript's
terminal output to a file.
<hr>
<h2><a name="Options"></a>Command line options</h2>
<p>
Unless otherwise noted, these switches can be used on all platforms.
<h3><a name="General_switches"></a>General switches</h3>
<h4><a name="Input_control"></a>Input control</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>@</tt></b><em>filename</em>
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to read <em>filename</em> and treat its contents the
same as the command line. (This was intended primarily for getting around
DOS's 128-character limit on the length of a command line.) Switches or
file names in the file may be separated by any amount of white space
(space, tab, line break); there is no limit on the size of the file.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>--</tt></b> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
<br><b><tt>-+</tt></b> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
<dd>Takes the next argument as a file name as usual, but takes all
remaining arguments (even if they have the syntactic form of switches) and
defines the name <b><tt>ARGUMENTS</tt></b> in userdict (not systemdict) as
an array of those strings, <em>before</em> running the file. When
Ghostscript finishes executing the file, it exits back to the shell.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-@</tt></b> <em>filename arg1 ...</em>
<dd>Does the same thing as <b><tt>--</tt></b> and <b><tt>-+</tt></b>, but
expands <b><tt>@</tt></b><em>filename</em> arguments.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-</tt></b>
<br><b><tt>-_</tt></b>
<dd>These are not really switches: they tell Ghostscript to read from
standard input, which is coming from a file or a pipe,
with or without buffering.
On some systems, Ghostscript may read the input one character at a time,
which is useful for programs such as ghostview that generate input for
Ghostscript dynamically and watch for some response, but can slow processing.
If performance is significantly slower than with a named file,
try '<tt>-_</tt>' which always reads the input in blocks.
However, '<tt>-</tt>' is equivalent on most systems.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-c</tt></b> <em>tokens ...</em>
<dd>Interprets arguments as PostScript code up to the next argument that
begins with "<b><tt>-</tt></b>" followed by a non-digit, or with
"<b><tt>@</tt></b>". For example, if the file <b><tt>quit.ps</tt></b>
contains just the word "<b><tt>quit</tt></b>", then
<b><tt>-c quit</tt></b> on the command line is equivalent to
<b><tt>quit.ps</tt></b> there. Each argument must be exactly one token, as
defined by the <b><tt>token</tt></b> operator.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-f</tt></b>
<dd>Interprets following non-switch arguments as file names to be executed
using the normal <b><tt>run</tt></b> command. Since this is the default
behavior, <b><tt>-f</tt></b> is useful only for terminating the list of
tokens for the <b><tt>-c</tt></b> switch.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-f</tt></b><em>filename</em>
<dd>Execute the given file, even if its name begins with a
"<b><tt>-</tt></b>" or "<b><tt>@</tt></b>".
</dl>
<h4><a name="File_searching"></a>File searching</h4>
<p>
Note that by "library files" here we mean all the files identified using
the search rule under "<a href="#Finding_files">How Ghostscript finds
files</a>" above: Ghostscript's own initialization files, fonts, and files
named on the command line.
<dl>
<dt><a name="I_switch"></a><b><tt>-I</tt></b><em>directories</em>
<dd>Adds the designated list of directories at the head of the search path
for library files.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="P_switch"></a><b><tt>-P</tt></b>
<dd>Makes Ghostscript look first in the current directory for library
files. This is currently the default.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="P-_switch"></a><b><tt>-P-</tt></b>
<dd>Makes Ghostscript <b><em>not</em></b> look first in the current
directory for library files (unless, of course, the first explicitly
supplied directory is "<b><tt>.</tt></b>").
</dl>
<h4><a name="Parameters"></a>Setting parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-D</tt></b><em>name</em>
<br><b><tt>-d</tt></b><em>name</em>
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with value=true.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-D</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>token</em>
<br><b><tt>-d</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>token</em>
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with the given definition. The token must
be exactly one token (as defined by the <b><tt>token</tt></b> operator) and
must not contain any whitespace. If the token is a non-literal name, it
must be true, false, or null.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-S</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>string</em>
<br><b><tt>-s</tt></b><em>name</em><b><tt>=</tt></b><em>string</em>
<dd>Define a name in systemdict with a given string as value. This is
different from <b><tt>-d</tt></b>. For example, <b><tt>-dXYZ=35</tt></b>
on the command line is equivalent to the program fragment
<blockquote><b><tt>
/XYZ 35 def
</tt></b></blockquote>
<p>
whereas <b><tt>-sXYZ=35</tt></b> is equivalent to
<blockquote><b><tt>
/XYZ (35) def
</tt></b></blockquote>
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-u</tt></b><em>name</em>
<dd>Un-define a name, cancelling <b><tt>-d</tt></b> or <b><tt>-s</tt></b>.
</dl>
<p>
Note that the initialization file <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b> makes
<b><tt>systemdict</tt></b> read-only, so the values of names defined with
<b><tt>-D</tt></b>, <b><tt>-d</tt></b>, <b><tt>-S</tt></b>, and
<b><tt>-s</tt></b> cannot be changed -- although, of course, they can be
superseded by definitions in <b><tt>userdict</tt></b> or other dictionaries.
However, device parameters set this way (<b><tt>PageSize</tt></b>,
<b><tt>Margins</tt></b>, etc.) are <em>not</em> read-only, and <em>can</em>
be changed by code in PostScript files.
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-g</tt></b><em>number1</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number2</em>
<dd>Equivalent to <b><tt>-dDEVICEWIDTH=</tt></b><em>number1</em> and
<b><tt>-dDEVICEHEIGHT=</tt></b><em>number2</em>, specifying the device
width and height in pixels for the benefit of devices such as X11 windows
and VESA displays that require (or allow) you to specify width and height.
Note that this causes documents of other sizes to be clipped, not scaled:
see <b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b> below.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="Resolution_switch"></a><b><tt>-r</tt></b><em>number</em> (same
as <b><tt>-r</tt></b><em>number</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number</em>)
<br><b><tt>-r</tt></b><em>number1</em><b><tt>x</tt></b><em>number2</em>
<dd>Equivalent to <b><tt>-dDEVICEXRESOLUTION=</tt></b><em>number1</em> and
<b><tt>-dDEVICEYRESOLUTION=</tt></b><em>number2</em>, specifying the device
horizontal and vertical resolution in pixels per inch for the benefit of
devices such as printers that support multiple X and Y resolutions.
</dl>
<h4><a name="Quiet"></a>Suppress messages</h4>
<dl>
<dt><a name="Quiet"></a><b><tt>-q</tt></b>
<dd>Quiet startup: suppress normal startup messages, and also do the
equivalent of <a href="#dQUIET"><b><tt>-dQUIET</tt></b></a>.
</dl>
<h3><a name="Parameter_switches"></a>Parameter switches (<b><tt>-d</tt></b> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b>)</h3>
<p>
As noted above, <b><tt>-d</tt></b> and <b><tt>-s</tt></b> define initial
values for PostScript names. Some of these names are parameters that
control the interpreter or the graphics engine. You can also use
<b><tt>-d</tt></b> or <b><tt>-s</tt></b> to define a value for any device
parameter of the initial device (the one defined with
<b><tt>-sDEVICE=</tt></b>, or the default device if this switch is not
used). For example, since the <b><tt>ppmraw</tt></b> device has a numeric
<b><tt>GrayValues</tt></b> parameter that controls the number of bits per
component, <b><tt>-sDEVICE=ppmraw -dGrayValues=16</tt></b> will make this
the default device and set the number of bits per component to 4 (log2(16)).
<h4><a name="Rendering_parameters"></a>Rendering parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN
<br>-dCOLORSCREEN=0
<br>-dCOLORSCREEN=false</tt></b>
<dd>On high-resolution devices (at least 150 dpi resolution, or
<b><tt>-dDITHERPPI</tt></b> specified), <b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN</tt></b>
forces the use of separate halftone screens with different angles for CMYK
or RGB if halftones are needed (this produces the best-quality output);
<b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN=0</tt></b> uses separate screens with the same
frequency and angle; <b><tt>-dCOLORSCREEN=false</tt></b> forces the use of
a single binary screen. The default if <b><tt>COLORSCREEN</tt></b> is not
specified is to use separate screens with different angles if the device
has fewer than 5 bits per color, and a single binary screen (which is never
actually used under normal circumstances) on all other devices.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dDITHERPPI=</tt></b><em>lpi</em>
<dd>Forces all devices to be considered high-resolution, and forces use of
a halftone screen or screens with <em>lpi</em> lines per inch, disregarding
the actual device resolution. Reasonable values for <em>lpi</em> are
<b><em>N</em></b>/5 to <b><em>N</em></b>/20, where <b><em>N</em></b> is the
resolution in dots per inch.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>
<dd>Turns on image interpolation for all images, improving image quality for
scaled images at the expense of speed. Note that
<b><tt>-dNOINTERPOLATE</tt></b> overrides <b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b> if
both are specified.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dTextAlphaBits=</tt></b><em>n</em>
<dt><b><tt>-dGraphicsAlphaBits=</tt></b><em>n</em>
<dd>These options control the use of subsample antialiasing. Their use is highly recommended for producing high quality rasterizations. The subsampling box size <em>n</em> should be 4 for optimum output, but smaller values can be used for faster rendering. Antialiasing is enabled separately for text and graphics content.
Allowed values are 1, 2 or 4.
<p>
Note that because of the way antialiasing blends the edges of shapes into the background when
they are drawn some files that rely on joining separate filled polygons together to cover
an area may not render as expected with <tt>GraphicsAlphaBits</tt> at 2 or 4. If you encounter
strange lines within solid areas, try rendering that file again with
<tt>-dGraphicsAlphaBits=1</tt>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dAlignToPixels=</tt></b><em>n</em>
<dd>Chooses glyph alignent to integral pixel boundaries (if set to the value 1)
or to subpixels (value 0). Subpixels are a smaller raster grid
which is used internally for text antialiasing.
The number of subpixels in a pixel usually is <tt>2^TextAlphaBits</tt>,
but this may be automatically reduced for big characters to save space
in character cache.
<p>
The parameter has no effect if <b><tt>-dTextAlphaBits=1</tt></b>.
Default value is 0.
<p>
Setting <b><tt>-dAlignToPixels=0</tt></b> can improve rendering
of poorly hinted fonts, but may impair the appearance of well-hinted fonts.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dGridFitTT=</tt></b><em>n</em>
<dd> This specifies the initial value for the implementation specific
user parameter <a href="Language.htm#GridFitTT">GridFitTT</a>.
It controls grid fitting of True Type fonts
(Sometimes referred to as "hinting", but strictly speaking
the latter is a feature of Type 1 fonts).
Setting this to 2 enables automatic grid fitting for True Type glyphs.
The value 0 disables grid fitting. The default value is 2.
For more information see the description of the user parameter
<a href="Language.htm#GridFitTT">GridFitTT</a>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dUseCIEColor</tt></b>
<dd>Set UseCIEColor in the page device dictionary, remapping device-dependent
color values through a CIE color space. This can can improve conversion
of CMYK documents to RGB.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOCIE</tt></b>
<dd>Substitutes <b><tt>DeviceGray</tt></b> and <b><tt>DeviceRGB</tt></b>
for CIEBasedA and CIEBasedABC color spaces respectively. Useful only on
very slow systems where color accuracy is less important.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOSUBSTDEVICECOLORS</tt></b>
<dd>This switch prevents the substitution of the <b><tt>ColorSpace</tt></b>
resources (<b><tt>DefaultGray</tt></b>, <b><tt>DefaultRGB</tt></b>, and
<b><tt>DefaultCMYK</tt></b>) for the <b><tt>DeviceGray</tt></b>,
<b><tt>DeviceRGB</tt></b>, and <b><tt>DeviceCMYK</tt></b> color spaces.
This switch is primarily useful for PDF creation using the <tt><b>pdfwrite</b></tt>
device when retaining the color spaces from the original document is
important.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPSICC</tt></b>
<dd>Disables the automatic loading and use of an input color space that is
contained in a PostScript file as DSC comments starting with the %%BeginICCProfile:
comment. ICC profiles are sometimes embedded by applications to convey the exact
input color space allowing better color fidelity. Since the embedded ICC profiles
often use multidimensional RenderTables, color conversion may be slower than using
the Default color conversion invoked when the <b><tt>-dUseCIEColor</tt></b>
option is specified, therefore the <b><tt>-dNOPSICC</tt></b> option may result
in improved performance at slightly reduced color fidelity.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>
<dd>Turns off image interpolation, improving performance on interpolated
images at the expense of image quality. <b><tt>-dNOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>
overrides <b><tt>-dDOINTERPOLATE</tt></b>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOTRANSPARENCY</tt></b>
<dd>Turns off PDF 1.4 transparency, resulting in faster (but possibly
incorrect) rendering of pages containing PDF 1.4 transparency and
blending.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNO_TN5044</tt></b>
<dd>Turns off the TN 5044 psuedo operators. These psuedo operators are not a part
of the official Postscript specification. However they are defined in <i>Technical
Note #5044 Color Separation Conventions for PostScript Language Programs</i>.
These psuedo operators are required for some files from QuarkXPress. However some
files from Corel 9 and Illustrator 88 do not operate properly if these operators
are present.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dDOPS</tt></b>
<dd>Enables processing of DoPS directives in PDF files. DoPS has in
fact been deprecated for some time. Use of this option is not
recommended in security-conscious applications, as it increases the
scope for malicious code. <b><tt>-dDOPS</tt></b> has no effect on
processing of PostScript source files. Note: in releases 7.30 and
earlier, processing of DoPS was always enabled.
</dl>
<h4><a name="Page_parameters"></a>Page parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><a name="FIXEDMEDIA"></a><b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b>
<dd>Causes the media size to be fixed after initialization, forcing pages
of other sizes or orientations to be clipped. This may be useful when
printing documents on a printer that can handle their requested paper size
but whose default is some other size. Note that <b><tt>-g</tt></b>
automatically sets <b><tt>-dFIXEDMEDIA</tt></b>, but
<b><tt>-sPAPERSIZE=</tt></b> does not.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dFIXEDRESOLUTION</tt></b>
<dd>Causes the media resolution to be fixed similarly. <b><tt>-r</tt></b>
automatically sets <b><tt>-dFIXEDRESOLUTION</tt></b>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dORIENT1=true
<br>-dORIENT1=false</tt></b>
<dd>Defines the meaning of the 0 and 1 orientation values for the
setpage[params] compatibility operators. The default value of
<b><tt>ORIENT1</tt></b> is true (set in <b><tt>gs_init.ps</tt></b>), which
is the correct value for most files that use setpage[params] at all,
namely, files produced by badly designed applications that "know" that the
output will be printed on certain roll-media printers: these applications
use 0 to mean landscape and 1 to mean portrait.
<b><tt>-dORIENT1=false</tt></b> declares that 0 means portrait and 1 means
landscape, which is the convention used by a smaller number of files
produced by properly written applications.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dDEVICEWIDTHPOINTS=</tt></b><em>w</em>
<br><b><tt>-dDEVICEHEIGHTPOINTS=</tt></b><em>h</em>
<dd>Sets the initial page width to <em>w</em> or initial page height to
<em>h</em> respectively, specified in 1/72" units.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sDEFAULTPAPERSIZE=</tt></b><em>a4</em>
<dd>
This value will be used to replace the device default papersize ONLY
if the default papersize for the device is 'letter' or 'a4' serving
to insulate users of A4 or 8.5x11 from particular device defaults
(the collection of contributed drivers in Ghostscript vary as to
the default size).
</dd>
</dl>
<h4><a name="Font_related_parameters"></a>Font-related parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><a name="DISKFONTS"></a><b><tt>-dDISKFONTS</tt></b>
<dd>Causes individual character outlines to be loaded from the disk the
first time they are encountered. (Normally Ghostscript loads all the
character outlines when it loads a font.) This may allow loading more
fonts into memory at the expense of slower rendering.
<b><tt>DISKFONTS</tt></b> is effective only if the diskfont feature was
built into the executable; otherwise it is ignored.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dLOCALFONTS</tt></b>
<dd>Causes Type 1 fonts to be loaded into the current VM -- normally local
VM -- instead of always being loaded into global VM. Useful only for
compatibility with Adobe printers for loading some obsolete fonts.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOCCFONTS</tt></b>
<dd>Suppresses the use of fonts precompiled into the Ghostscript executable.
See <a href="Fonts.htm#Precompiling">"Precompiling fonts"</a> in the
documentation on fonts for details. This is probably useful only for
debugging.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="FONTMAP_switch"></a><b><tt>-dNOFONTMAP</tt></b>
<dd>Suppresses the normal loading of the Fontmap file. This may be useful
in environments without a file system.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOFONTPATH</tt></b>
<dd>Suppresses consultation of <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>. This may be
useful for debugging.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPLATFONTS</tt></b>
<dd>Disables the use of fonts supplied by the underlying platform (X
Windows or Microsoft Windows). This may be needed if the platform fonts
look undesirably different from the scalable fonts.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sFONTMAP=</tt></b><em>filename1</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>filename2</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>...</em>
<dd>Specifies alternate name or names for the Fontmap file. Note that the
names are separated by "<b><tt>:</tt></b>" on Unix systems, by
"<b><tt>;</tt></b>" on MS Windows systems, and by
"<b><tt>,</tt></b>" on VMS systems, just as for search paths.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sFONTPATH=</tt></b><em>dir1</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>dir2</em><b><tt>;</tt></b><em>...</em>
<dd>Specifies a list of directories that will be scanned when looking for
fonts not found on the search path, overriding the environment variable
<b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sSUBSTFONT=</tt></b><em>fontname</em>
<dd>Causes the given font to be substituted for all unknown fonts, instead
of using the normal intelligent substitution algorithm. Also, in this
case, the font returned by <b><tt>findfont</tt></b> is the actual font
named <em>fontname</em>, not a copy of the font with its
<b><tt>FontName</tt></b> changed to the requested one.
THIS OPTION SHOULD NOT BE USED WITH HIGH LEVEL DEVICES, such as
<b><tt>pdfwrite</tt></b>, because it prevents such devices from
providing the original font names in the output document. The
font specified (<em>fontname</em>) will be embedded instead,
limiting all future users of the document to the same approximate
rendering.
</dl>
<h4><a name="Resource_related_parameters"></a>Resource-related parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><a name="GenericResourceDir"></a><b><tt>-sGenericResourceDir=path</tt></b>
<dd>Specifies a path to resource files.
The value is platform dependent. It must end with a directory separator.
<p>
Adobe specifies <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> to be an absolute path
to a single resource directory. Ghostscript instead maintains
multiple resource directories and uses an extended method for finding
resources, which is explained in
<a href="PS_resources">"Finding PostScript Level 2 resources"</a>.
<p>
Due to the extended search method, Ghostscript uses <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>
only as a default directory for resources being not installed.
Therefore <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> may be considered as a place
where new resources to be installed. The default implementation of the function
<b><tt>ResourceFileName</tt></b> uses <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b> when
(1) it is an absolute path, or (2) the resource file is absent.
The extended search method does not call <b><tt>ResourceFileName</tt></b> .
<p>
Default value is <tt><b>(./Resource/)</b></tt> for Unix, and an equivalent one on other
platforms.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="FontResourceDir"></a><b><tt>-sFontResourceDir=path</tt></b>
<dd>Specifies a path where font files are installed.
It's meaning is similar to <b><tt>GenericResourceDir</tt></b>.
<p>
Default value is <tt><b>(./Font/)</b></tt> for Unix, and an equivalent one on other
platforms.
</dl>
<h4><a name="Interaction_related_parameters"></a>Interaction-related parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dBATCH</tt></b>
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to exit after processing all files named on the
command line, rather than going into an interactive loop reading PostScript
commands. Equivalent to putting -c quit at the end of the command line.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPAGEPROMPT</tt></b>
<dd>Disables only the prompt, but not the pause, at the end of each page.
This may be useful on PC displays that get confused if a program attempts
to write text to the console while the display is in a graphics mode.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="NoPause"></a><b><tt>-dNOPAUSE</tt></b>
<dd>Disables the prompt and pause at the end of each page. Normally one
should use this (along with <b><tt>-dBATCH</tt></b>) when producing output
on a printer or to a file; it also may be desirable for applications where
another program is "driving" Ghostscript.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOPROMPT</tt></b>
<dd>Disables the prompt printed by Ghostscript when it expects interactive
input, as well as the end-of-page prompt (<b><tt>-dNOPAGEPROMPT</tt></b>);
also disables the implicit <b><tt>flushpage</tt></b> that normally occurs
each time Ghostscript asks for more input. This allows piping input
directly into Ghostscript, as long as the data doesn't refer to
<b><tt>currentfile</tt></b>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="dQUIET"></a><b><tt>-dQUIET</tt></b>
<dd>Suppresses routine information comments on standard output. This is
currently necessary when redirecting device output to standard output.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dSHORTERRORS</tt></b>
<dd>Makes certain error and information messages more Adobe-compatible.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sstdout=</tt></b><em>filename</em>
<dd>Redirect PostScript <b><tt>%stdout</tt></b> to a file or
<b><tt>stderr</tt></b>, to avoid it being mixed with device stdout.
To redirect stdout to stderr use <b><tt>-sstdout=%stderr</tt></b>.
To cancel redirection of stdout use <b><tt>-sstdout=%stdout</tt></b>
or <b><tt>-sstdout=-</tt></b>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dTTYPAUSE</tt></b>
<dd>Causes Ghostscript to read a character from <b><tt>/dev/tty</tt></b>,
rather than standard input, at the end of each page. This may be useful if
input is coming from a pipe. Note that <b><tt>-dTTYPAUSE</tt></b>
overrides <b><tt>-dNOPAUSE</tt></b>.
</dl>
<h4><a name="Output_selection_parameters"></a>Device and output selection parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNODISPLAY</tt></b>
<dd>Initializes Ghostscript with a null device (a device that discards the
output image) rather than the default device or the device selected with
<b><tt>-sDEVICE=</tt></b>. This is usually useful only when running
PostScript code whose purpose is to compute something rather than to
produce an output image; for instance, when converting PostScript to PDF.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a name="DEVICE_switch"></a><b><tt>-sDEVICE=</tt></b><em>device</em>
<dd>Selects an alternate <a href="#Output_device">initial output
device</a>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-sOutputFile=</tt></b><em>filename</em>
<dd>Selects an alternate output file (or pipe) for the initial output
device, as described above.
</dl>
<h4><a name="EPS_parameters"></a>EPS parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dEPSCrop</tt></b>
<dd>Crop an EPS file to the bounding box.
This is useful when converting an EPS file to a bitmap.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dEPSFitPage</tt></b>
<dd>Resize an EPS file to fit the page.
This is useful for enlarging an EPS file to fit the paper size when printing.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOEPS</tt></b>
<dd>Prevent special processing of EPS files.
This is useful when EPS files have incorrect Document
Structuring Convention comments.
</dl>
<h4><a name="Other_parameters"></a>Other parameters</h4>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dDELAYBIND</tt></b>
<dd>Causes <b><tt>bind</tt></b> to remember all its invocations, but not
actually execute them until the <b><tt>.bindnow</tt></b> procedure is
called. Useful only for certain specialized packages like
<b><tt>pstotext</tt></b> that redefine operators. See the documentation
for <a href="Language.htm#bindnow"><tt>.bindnow</tt></a> for more information
on using this feature.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dDOPDFMARKS</tt></b>
<dd>Causes <b><tt>pdfmark</tt></b> to be called for bookmarks,
annotations, links and cropbox when processing PDF files.
Normally, <b><tt>pdfmark</tt></b> is only called for these types
for PostScript files or when the output device requests it
(e.g. pdfwrite device).
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dJOBSERVER</tt></b>
<dd>Define <tt>\004 (^D)</tt> to start a new encapsulated job used for
compatibility with Adobe PS Interpreters that ordinarily run under a job
server. The <b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b> switch is ignored if <b><tt>-dJOBSERVER</tt></b>
is specified since job servers <b>always</b> execute the input PostScript
under a save level, although the <b><tt>exitserver</tt></b> operator can
be used to escape from the encapsulated job and execute as if the
<b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b> was specified.
<p>
This also requires that the input be from stdin, otherwise an error will
result (<tt>Error: /invalidrestore in --restore--</tt>).
<p>Example usage is:
<pre>
gs ... -dJOBSERVER - < inputfile.ps
-or-
cat inputfile.ps | gs ... -dJOBSERVER -
</pre>
<b>Note: </b>The <tt>^D</tt> does not result in an end-of-file action
on stdin as it may on some PostScript printers that rely on TBCP (Tagged
Binary Communication Protocol) to cause an out-of-band <tt>^D</tt> to
signal EOF in a stream input data. This means that direct file actions
on stdin such as <b><tt>flushfile</tt></b> and <b><tt>closefile</tt></b>
will affect processing of data beyond the <tt>^D</tt> in the stream.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOBIND</tt></b>
<dd>Disables the <b><tt>bind</tt></b> operator. Useful only for debugging.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOCACHE</tt></b>
<dd>Disables character caching. Useful only for debugging.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOGC</tt></b>
<dd>Suppresses the initial automatic enabling of the garbage collector in
Level 2 systems. (The <b><tt>vmreclaim</tt></b> operator is not disabled.)
Useful only for debugging.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b>
<dd>Suppresses the initial save that is used for compatibility with Adobe
PS Interpreters that ordinarily run under a job server. If a job server is
going to be used to set up the outermost save level, then <b><tt>-dNOOUTERSAVE</tt></b>
should be used so that the restore between jobs will restore global VM as
expected.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dNOSAFER</tt></b> (equivalent to <b><tt>-dDELAYSAFER</tt></b>).
<dd>This flag disables SAFER mode until the <b><tt>.setsafe</tt></b>
procedure is run. This is intended for clients or scripts that cannot
operate in SAFER mode. If Ghostscript is started with <b><tt>-dNOSAFER</tt></b>
or <b><tt>-dDELAYSAFER</tt></b>, PostScript programs are allowed to read, write,
rename or delete any files in the system that are not protected by operating
system permissions.
<p><b>This mode should be used with caution, and <tt>.setsafe</tt> should be
run prior to running any PostScript file with unknown contents.</b>
</dl>
<a name="Safer"></a>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dSAFER</tt></b>
<dd>Disables the <b><tt>deletefile</tt></b> and <b><tt>renamefile</tt></b>
operators, and the ability to open piped commands (<b><tt>%pipe%</tt></b><em>cmd</em>)
at all. Only <b><tt>%stdout</tt></b> and <b><tt>%stderr</tt></b> can be opened
for writing. Disables reading of files other than <b><tt>%stdin</tt></b>,
those given as a command line argument, or those contained on one of the paths
given by LIBPATH and FONTPATH and specified by the system params /FontResourceDir
and /GenericResourceDir.
<p>
This mode also sets the <a href="Language.htm#LockSafetyParams">.LockSafetyParams</a>
parameter of the default device, or the device specified with the <b><tt>-sDEVICE= </tt></b>
switch to protect against programs that attempt to write to files using the
OutputFile device parameter. Note that since the device parameters specified
on the command line (including OutputFile) are set prior to SAFER mode,
the <b><tt>-sOutputFile=...</tt></b> on the command line is unrestricted.
<p>
SAFER mode also prevents changing the /GenericResourceDir, /FontResourceDir
and either the /SystemParamsPassword or the /StartJobPassword.
<p>
<b>Note: </b>While SAFER mode is not the default, in a subsequent release of
Ghostscript, SAFER mode will be the default thus scripts or programs that need
to open files or set restricted parameters will require the <b><tt>-dNOSAFER</tt></b>
command line option.
<p>
When running -dNOSAFER it is possible to perform a <b><tt>save</tt></b>,
followed by <b><tt>.setsafe</tt></b>, execute a file or procedure in SAFER mode,
then use <b><tt>restore</tt></b> to return to NOSAFER mode. In order to prevent
the save object from being restored by the foreign file or procedure, the
<a href="Language.htm#Runandhide"><b>.runandhide</b></a> operator should
be used to hide the save object from the restricted procedure.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dSTRICT</tt></b>
<dd>Disables as many Ghostscript extensions as feasible, to be more helpful
in debugging applications that produce output for Adobe and other RIPs.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>-dWRITESYSTEMDICT</tt></b>
<dd>Leaves <b><tt>systemdict</tt></b> writable. This is necessary when
running special utility programs such as <b><tt>font2c</tt></b> and
<b><tt>pcharstr</tt></b>, which must bypass normal PostScript access
protection.
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Improving_performance"></a>Improving performance</h2>
<p>
Ghostscript attempts to find an optimum balance between speed and memory
consumption, but there are some cases in which you may get a very large
speedup by telling Ghostscript to use more memory.
<ul>
<li>
If you are using X Windows, setting the <b><tt>-dMaxBitmap=</tt></b>
parameter described <a href="#X_device_parameters">above</a> may
dramatically improve performance on files that have a lot of bitmap images.
<li>
If you are using Chinese, Japanese, or other fonts with very large character
sets, adding the following sequence of switches before the first file name
may dramatically improve performance at the cost of an additional 2-3 Mb of
memory: <b><tt>-c 3000000 setvmthreshold -f</tt></b>. This
can also be useful in processing large documents when using a high-level
output device (like pdfwrite) that maintains significant internal state.
In fact, the <a href="Language.htm#.setpdfwrite"><tt>.setpdfwrite</tt></a>
operator used by the ps2pdf script and others sets a vmthreshold value of
3 MB to account for this.
</ul>
<h2><a name="Environment_variables"></a>Summary of environment variables</h2>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>GS</tt></b>, <b><tt>GSC</tt></b> (MS Windows only)
<dd>Specify the names of the Ghostscript executables. <b><tt>GS</tt></b>
brings up a new typein window and possibly a graphics window;
<b><tt>GSC</tt></b> uses the DOS console. If these are not set,
<b><tt>GS</tt></b> defaults to <b><tt>gswin32</tt></b>, and
<b><tt>GSC</tt></b> defaults to <b><tt>gswin32c</tt></b>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#GS_DEVICE"><b><tt>GS_DEVICE</tt></b></a>
<dd>Defines the default output device. This overrides the compiled-in default, but is overridden by any commandline setting.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#Font_lookup"><b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b></a>
<dd>Specifies a list of directories to scan for fonts if a font requested
can't be found anywhere on the search path.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#Finding_files"><b><tt>GS_LIB</tt></b></a>
<dd>Provides a search path for initialization files and fonts.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><b><tt>GS_OPTIONS</tt></b>
<dd>Defines a list of command-line arguments to be processed before the
ones actually specified on the command line. For example, setting
<b><tt>GS_DEVICE</tt></b> to XYZ is equivalent to setting
<b><tt>GS_OPTIONS</tt></b> to <b><tt>-sDEVICE=XYZ</tt></b>. The contents
of <b><tt>GS_OPTIONS</tt></b> are not limited to switches; they may include
actual file names or even <a href="#Input_control">"@file" arguments</a>.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#Temp_files"><b><tt>TEMP</tt></b>, <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b></a>
<dd>Defines a directory name for temporary files. If both
<b><tt>TEMP</tt></b> and <b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> are defined,
<b><tt>TMPDIR</tt></b> takes precedence.
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Debugging"></a>Debugging</h2>
<p>
The information here describing is probably interesting only to developers.
<h4><a name="Debug_switches"></a>Debug switches</h4>
There are several debugging switches that are detected by the interpreter.
These switches are available whether or not Ghostscript was built with the
DEBUG macro defined to the compiler (refer to <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">
building a debugging configuration</a>).
<p>Previous to 8.10, there was a single DEBUG flag, enabled with <b><tt>-dDEBUG
</tt></b> on the command line. Now there are several debugging flags to allow
more selective debugging information to be printed containing only what is
needed to investigate particular areas. For backward compatibilty, the
<b><tt>-dDEBUG</tt></b> option will set all of the subset switches.
<ul>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><td><td> <td>
<tr><td><b><tt>-dCCFONTDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Compiled Fonts
<tr><td><b><tt>-dCFFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>CFF Fonts
<tr><td><b><tt>-dCMAPDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>CMAP
<tr><td><b><tt>-dDOCIEDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>CIE color
<tr><td><b><tt>-dEPSDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>EPS handling
<tr><td><b><tt>-dFAPIDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Font API
<tr><td><b><tt>-dINITDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Initialization
<tr><td><b><tt>-dPDFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>PDF Interpreter
<tr><td><b><tt>-dPDFOPTDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>PDF Optimizer (Linearizer)
<tr><td><b><tt>-dPDFWRDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>PDF Writer
<tr><td><b><tt>-dSETPDDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>setpagedevice
<tr><td><b><tt>-dSTRESDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>Static Resources
<tr><td><b><tt>-dTTFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>TTF Fonts
<tr><td><b><tt>-dVGIFDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>ViewGIF
<tr><td><b><tt>-dVJPGDEBUG</tt></b><td><td>ViewJPEG
</table></ul>
<p><p>
The <b><tt>-Z</tt></b> and <b><tt>-T</tt></b> switches apply only
if the interpreter was <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">built for a debugging
configuration</a>. In the table below, the first column is a debugging
switch, the second is an equivalent switch (if any) and the third is its
usage.
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=5 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Switches used in debugging</font><hr>
<tr> <th align=left>Switch
<td>
<th align=left>Equivalent
<td>
<th>
<tr> <td colspan=5><hr>
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-A</tt></b>
<td>
<td valign=top><b><tt>-Z@</tt></b>
<td>
<td>Fill empty storage with a distinctive bit pattern for debugging
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-A-</tt></b>
<td>
<td valign=top><b><tt>-Z-@</tt></b>
<td>
<td>Turn off <b><tt>-A</tt></b>
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-B</tt></b><em>size</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Run all subsequent files named on the command line (except for
<b><tt>-F</tt></b>) through the run_string interface, using a
buffer of <em>size</em> bytes
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-B-</tt></b>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Turn off <b><tt>-B</tt></b>: run subsequent files (except for
<b><tt>-F</tt></b>) directly in the normal way
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-E</tt></b>
<td>
<td valign=top><b><tt>-Z#</tt></b>
<td>
<td>Turn on tracing of error returns from operators
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-E-</tt></b>
<td>
<td valign=top><b><tt>-Z-#</tt></b>
<td>
<td>Turn off <b><tt>-E</tt></b>
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-F</tt></b><em>file</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Execute the file with <b><tt>-B1</tt></b> temporarily in effect
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-K</tt></b><em>n</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Limit the total amount of memory that the interpreter can have
allocated at any one time to <b><em>n</em></b>K bytes.
<b><em>n</em></b> is a positive decimal integer.
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-M</tt></b><em>n</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Force the interpreter's allocator to acquire additional memory
in units of <b><em>n</em></b>K bytes, rather than the default
(currently 20K on DOS systems, 50K on Unix). <b><em>n</em></b>
is a positive decimal integer, on DOS systems no greater than
63.
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-N</tt></b><em>n</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Allocate space for <b><em>n</em></b>K names, rather than the
default (normally 64K). <b><em>n</em></b> may be greater than
64 only if <b><tt>EXTEND_NAMES</tt></b> was defined when the
interpreter was compiled .
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-Z</tt></b><em>xxx</em><br><b><tt>-Z-</tt></b><em>xxx</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Turn debugging printout on (off). Each of the <em>xxx</em>
characters selects an option. Case is significant: "a" and
"A" have different meanings.
<dl compact>
<dt><b><tt>0</tt></b><dd>garbage collector, minimal detail
<dt><b><tt>1</tt></b><dd>type 1 and type 42 font interpreter
<dt><b><tt>2</tt></b><dd>curve subdivider/rasterizer
<dt> <b><tt>3</tt></b><dd>curve subdivider/rasterizer, detail
<dt><b><tt>4</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (strings)
<dt> <b><tt>5</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (strings, detail)
<dt><b><tt>6</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (chunks, roots)
<dt> <b><tt>7</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (objects)
<dt> <b><tt>8</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (refs)
<dt> <b><tt>9</tt></b><dd>garbage collector (pointers)
<dt><b><tt>a</tt></b><dd>allocator (large blocks only)
<dt> <b><tt>A</tt></b><dd>allocator (all calls)
<dt><b><tt>b</tt></b><dd>bitmap image processor
<dt> <b><tt>B</tt></b><dd>bitmap images, detail
<dt><b><tt>c</tt></b><dd>color/halftone mapper
<dt><b><tt>d</tt></b><dd>dictionary put/undef
<dt> <b><tt>D</tt></b><dd>dictionary lookups
<dt><b><tt>e</tt></b><dd>external (OS-related) calls
<dt><b><tt>f</tt></b><dd>fill algorithm (summary)
<dt> <b><tt>F</tt></b><dd>fill algorithm (detail)
<dt><b><tt>g</tt></b><dd>gsave/grestore[all]
<dt><b><tt>h</tt></b><dd>halftone renderer
<dt> <b><tt>H</tt></b><dd>halftones, every pixel
<dt><b><tt>i</tt></b><dd>interpreter, just names
<dt> <b><tt>I</tt></b><dd>interpreter, everything
<dt><b><tt>j</tt></b><dd>(Japanese) composite fonts
<dt><b><tt>k</tt></b><dd>character cache and xfonts
<dt> <b><tt>K</tt></b><dd>character cache, every access
<dt><b><tt>l</tt></b><dd>command lists, bands
<dt> <b><tt>L</tt></b><dd>command lists, everything
<dt><b><tt>m</tt></b><dd>makefont and font cache
<dt><b><tt>n</tt></b><dd>name lookup (new names only)
<dt><b><tt>o</tt></b><dd>outliner (stroke)
<dt> <b><tt>O</tt></b><dd>stroke detail
<dt><b><tt>p</tt></b><dd>band list paths
<dt> <b><tt>P</tt></b><dd>all paths
<dt><b><tt>q</tt></b><dd>clipping
<dt><b><tt>r</tt></b><dd>arc renderer
<dt><b><tt>s</tt></b><dd>streams
<dt> <b><tt>S</tt></b><dd>scanner
<dt><b><tt>t</tt></b><dd>tiling algorithm
<dt><b><tt>u</tt></b><dd>undo saver (for save/restore), finalization
<dt> <b><tt>U</tt></b><dd>undo saver, more detail
<dt><b><tt>v</tt></b><dd>alpha/transparency
<dt> <b><tt>V</tt></b><dd>alpha/transparency, more detail
<dt><b><tt>w</tt></b><dd>compression encoder/decoder
<dt><b><tt>x</tt></b><dd>transformations
<dt><b><tt>y</tt></b><dd>Type 1 hints
<dt> <b><tt>Y</tt></b><dd>Type 1 hints, every access
<dt><b><tt>z</tt></b><dd>trapezoid fill
<dt><b><tt>#</tt></b><dd>operator error returns
<dt><b><tt>%</tt></b><dd>externally processed comments
<dt><b><tt>*</tt></b><dd>image and RasterOp parameters
<dt><b><tt>:</tt></b><dd>command list and allocator/time summary
<dt><b><tt>~</tt></b><dd>math functions and Functions
<dt><b><tt>'</tt></b><dd>contexts, create/destroy
<dt> <b><tt>"</tt></b><dd>contexts, every operation
<dt><b><tt>^</tt></b><dd>reference counting
<dt><b><tt>_</tt></b><dd>high-level output
<dt><b><tt>|</tt></b><dd>(reserved for experimental code)
</dl>
<p>
The following switch affects what is printed, but does not select specific
items for printing:
<dl compact>
<dt><b><tt>/</tt></b><dd>include file name and line number on all trace output
</dl>
<p>
These switches select debugging options other than what should be printed:
<dl compact>
<dt><b><tt>$</tt></b><dd>set unused parts of object references to
identifiable garbage values
<dt><b><tt>+</tt></b><dd>use minimum-size stack blocks
<dt><b><tt>,</tt></b><dd>don't use path-based banding
<dt><b><tt>`</tt></b><dd>don't use high-level banded images
<dt><b><tt>.</tt></b><dd>use small-memory table sizes even on large-memory
machines
<dt><b><tt>?</tt></b><dd>validate pointers before, during and after garbage
collection, also before and after save and restore; also make other
allocator validity checks
<dt><b><tt>@</tt></b><dd>fill newly allocated, garbage-collected, and freed
storage with a marker (a1, c1, and f1 respectively)
</dl>
<p>
<tr> <td valign=top><b><tt>-T</tt></b><em>xxx</em><br><b><tt>-T-</tt></b><em>xxx</em>
<td>
<td>
<td>
<td>Turn <a href="#Visual_trace">Visual Trace</a> on (off). Each of the <em>xxx</em>
characters selects an option. Case is significant: "f" and
"F" have different meanings.
<dl compact>
<dt><b><tt>f</tt></b><dd>the filling algorithm with characters
<dt><b><tt>F</tt></b><dd>the filling algorithm with non-character paths
<dt><b><tt>h</tt></b><dd>the Type 1 hinter
<dt><b><tt>s</tt></b><dd>the shading algorithm
<dt><b><tt>S</tt></b><dd>the stroking algorithm
</dl>
</table>
<h4><a name="Visual_trace"></a>Visual Trace</h4>
<p>
Visual Trace allows to view internal Ghostscript data in a graphical form
while execution of C code. Special
<a href="Lib.htm#Visual_trace">instructions</a> to be inserted into
C code for generating the output. Client application
rasterizes it into a window.
<p>
Currently the rasterization is implemented for Windows only, in clients
gswin32.exe and gswin32c.exe. They open Visual Trace window when graphical
debug output appears, <b><tt>-T</tt></b> <a href="#Debug_switches">switch</a> is set,
and Ghostscript was <a href="Make.htm#Debugging">built</a> with DEBUG option.
There are two important incompletenesses of the implementation :
<p>
1. The graphical output uses a hardcoded scale. An advanced client
would provide a scale option via user interface.
<p>
2. Breaks are not implemented in the client. If you need a step-by-step
view, you should use an interactive C debugger to delay execution at breakpoints.
<p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="Known_paper_sizes"></a>Appendix: Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</h2>
<p>
The paper sizes known to Ghostscript are defined at the beginning of the
initialization file <b><tt>gs_statd.ps</tt></b>; see the comments there for
more details about the definitions. The table here lists them by name and
size. <b><tt>gs_statd.ps</tt></b> defines their sizes exactly in points,
and the dimensions in inches (at 72 points per inch) and centimeters shown
in the table are derived from those, rounded to the nearest 0.1 unit. A
guide to international paper sizes can be found at
<blockquote>
<a href="http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/index.html">http://www.twics.com/~eds/paper/</a>
</blockquote>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
<tr><th colspan=13 bgcolor="#CCCC00"><hr><font size="+1">Paper sizes known to Ghostscript</font><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>U.S. standard
<tr> <td>
<td>
<th colspan=3>Inches
<td>
<th colspan=3>mm
<td>
<th colspan=3>Points
<td>
<td>
<tr> <th align=left>Name
<td>
<th> W
<td>×
<th> H
<td>
<th> W
<td>×
<th> H
<td>
<th> W
<td>×
<th> H
<td>
<td>
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr> <td>11x17
<td> <td align=right>11.0<td> <td align=right>17.0<td> <td align=right>279<td> <td align=right>432<td> <td align=right>792<td> <td align=right>1224<td> <td>11×17in portrait
<tr> <td>ledger
<td> <td align=right>17.0<td> <td align=right>11.0<td> <td align=right>432<td> <td align=right>279<td> <td align=right>1224<td> <td align=right>792<td> <td>11×17in landscape
<tr> <td>legal
<td> <td align=right>8.5<td> <td align=right>14.0<td> <td align=right>216<td> <td align=right>356<td> <td align=right>612<td> <td align=right>1008<td> <td>
<tr> <td>letter
<td> <td align=right>8.5<td> <td align=right>11.0<td> <td align=right>216<td> <td align=right>279<td> <td align=right>612<td> <td align=right>792<td> <td>
<tr> <td>lettersmall
<td> <td align=right>8.5<td> <td align=right>11.0<td> <td align=right>216<td> <td align=right>279<td> <td align=right>612<td> <td align=right>792<td> <td>
<tr> <td>archE
<td> <td align=right>36.0<td> <td align=right>48.0<td> <td align=right>914<td> <td align=right>1219<td> <td align=right>2592<td> <td align=right>3456<td> <td>
<tr> <td>archD
<td> <td align=right>24.0<td> <td align=right>36.0<td> <td align=right>610<td> <td align=right>914<td> <td align=right>1728<td> <td align=right>2592<td> <td>
<tr> <td>archC
<td> <td align=right>18.0<td> <td align=right>24.0<td> <td align=right>457<td> <td align=right>610<td> <td align=right>1296<td> <td align=right>1728<td> <td>
<tr> <td>archB
<td> <td align=right>12.0<td> <td align=right>18.0<td> <td align=right>305<td> <td align=right>457<td> <td align=right>864<td> <td align=right>1296<td> <td>
<tr> <td>archA
<td> <td align=right>9.0<td> <td align=right>12.0<td> <td align=right>229<td> <td align=right>305<td> <td align=right>648<td> <td align=right>864<td> <td>
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>ISO standard
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr> <td>a0
<td> <td align=right>33.1<td> <td align=right>46.8<td> <td align=right>841<td> <td align=right>1189<td> <td align=right>2384<td> <td align=right>3370<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a1
<td> <td align=right>23.4<td> <td align=right>33.1<td> <td align=right>594<td> <td align=right>841<td> <td align=right>1684<td> <td align=right>2384<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a2
<td> <td align=right>16.5<td> <td align=right>23.4<td> <td align=right>420<td> <td align=right>594<td> <td align=right>1191<td> <td align=right>1684<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a3
<td> <td align=right>11.7<td> <td align=right>16.5<td> <td align=right>297<td> <td align=right>420<td> <td align=right>842<td> <td align=right>1191<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a4
<td> <td align=right>8.3<td> <td align=right>11.7<td> <td align=right>210<td> <td align=right>297<td> <td align=right>595<td> <td align=right>842<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a4small
<td> <td align=right>8.3<td> <td align=right>11.7<td> <td align=right>210<td> <td align=right>297<td> <td align=right>595<td> <td align=right>842<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a5
<td> <td align=right>5.8<td> <td align=right>8.3<td> <td align=right>148<td> <td align=right>210<td> <td align=right>420<td> <td align=right>595<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a6
<td> <td align=right>4.1<td> <td align=right>5.8<td> <td align=right>105<td> <td align=right>148<td> <td align=right>297<td> <td align=right>420<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a7
<td> <td align=right>2.9<td> <td align=right>4.1<td> <td align=right>74<td> <td align=right>105<td> <td align=right>210<td> <td align=right>297<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a8
<td> <td align=right>2.1<td> <td align=right>2.9<td> <td align=right>52<td> <td align=right>74<td> <td align=right>148<td> <td align=right>210<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a9
<td> <td align=right>1.5<td> <td align=right>2.1<td> <td align=right>37<td> <td align=right>52<td> <td align=right>105<td> <td align=right>148<td> <td>
<tr> <td>a10
<td> <td align=right>1.0<td> <td align=right>1.5<td> <td align=right>26<td> <td align=right>37<td> <td align=right>73<td> <td align=right>105<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob0
<td> <td align=right>39.4<td> <td align=right>55.7<td> <td align=right>1000<td> <td align=right>1414<td> <td align=right>2835<td> <td align=right>4008<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob1
<td> <td align=right>27.8<td> <td align=right>39.4<td> <td align=right>707<td> <td align=right>1000<td> <td align=right>2004<td> <td align=right>2835<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob2
<td> <td align=right>19.7<td> <td align=right>27.8<td> <td align=right>500<td> <td align=right>707<td> <td align=right>1417<td> <td align=right>2004<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob3
<td> <td align=right>13.9<td> <td align=right>19.7<td> <td align=right>353<td> <td align=right>500<td> <td align=right>1001<td> <td align=right>1417<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob4
<td> <td align=right>9.8<td> <td align=right>13.9<td> <td align=right>250<td> <td align=right>353<td> <td align=right>709<td> <td align=right>1001<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob5
<td> <td align=right>6.9<td> <td align=right>9.8<td> <td align=right>176<td> <td align=right>250<td> <td align=right>499<td> <td align=right>709<td> <td>
<tr> <td>isob6
<td> <td align=right>4.9<td> <td align=right>6.9<td> <td align=right>125<td> <td align=right>176<td> <td align=right>354<td> <td align=right>499<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c0
<td> <td align=right>36.1<td> <td align=right>51.1<td> <td align=right>917<td> <td align=right>1297<td> <td align=right>2599<td> <td align=right>3677<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c1
<td> <td align=right>25.5<td> <td align=right>36.1<td> <td align=right>648<td> <td align=right>917<td> <td align=right>1837<td> <td align=right>2599<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c2
<td> <td align=right>18.0<td> <td align=right>25.5<td> <td align=right>458<td> <td align=right>648<td> <td align=right>1298<td> <td align=right>1837<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c3
<td> <td align=right>12.8<td> <td align=right>18.0<td> <td align=right>324<td> <td align=right>458<td> <td align=right>918<td> <td align=right>1298<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c4
<td> <td align=right>9.0<td> <td align=right>12.8<td> <td align=right>229<td> <td align=right>324<td> <td align=right>649<td> <td align=right>918<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c5
<td> <td align=right>6.4<td> <td align=right>9.0<td> <td align=right>162<td> <td align=right>229<td> <td align=right>459<td> <td align=right>649<td> <td>
<tr> <td>c6
<td> <td align=right>4.5<td> <td align=right>6.4<td> <td align=right>114<td> <td align=right>162<td> <td align=right>323<td> <td align=right>459<td> <td>
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>JIS standard
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr> <td>jisb0
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>1030<td> <td align=right>1456<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td>jisb1
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>728<td> <td align=right>1030<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td>jisb2
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>515<td> <td align=right>728<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td>jisb3
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>364<td> <td align=right>515<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td>jisb4
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>257<td> <td align=right>364<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td>jisb5
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>182<td> <td align=right>257<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td>jisb6
<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right>128<td> <td align=right>182<td> <td align=right><td> <td align=right><td> <td>
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>ISO/JIS switchable
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr> <td>b0 (see * below)
<tr> <td>b1 (see * below)
<tr> <td>b2 (see * below)
<tr> <td>b3 (see * below)
<tr> <td>b4 (see * below)
<tr> <td>b5 (see * below)
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr><th colspan=13>Other
<tr> <td colspan=13><hr>
<tr> <td>flsa
<td> <td align=right>8.5<td> <td align=right>13.0<td> <td align=right>216<td> <td align=right>330<td> <td align=right>612<td> <td align=right>936<td> <td>U.S. foolscap
<tr> <td>flse
<td> <td align=right>8.5<td> <td align=right>13.0<td> <td align=right>216<td> <td align=right>330<td> <td align=right>612<td> <td align=right>936<td> <td>European foolscap
<tr> <td>halfletter
<td> <td align=right>5.5<td> <td align=right>8.5<td> <td align=right>140<td> <td align=right>216<td> <td align=right>396<td> <td align=right>612<td> <td>
</table>
<p>
*<em>Note:</em> Initially the B paper sizes are the ISO sizes, e.g.,
<b><tt>b0</tt></b> is the same as <b><tt>isob0</tt></b>. Running the file
<b><tt>lib/jispaper.ps</tt></b> makes the B paper sizes be the JIS sizes,
e.g., <b><tt>b0</tt></b> becomes the same as <b><tt>jisb0</tt></b>.
<hr>
<h2><a name="X_font_mappings"></a>Appendix: X default font mappings</h2>
<h3><a name="Standard_X_server_fonts"></a>Standard X servers</h3>
<h4><a name="X_regular_fonts"></a>Regular fonts</h4>
<pre> AvantGarde-Book: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-R-Normal--\n\
AvantGarde-BookOblique: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Book-O-Normal--\n\
AvantGarde-Demi: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
AvantGarde-DemiOblique: -Adobe-ITC Avant Garde Gothic-Demi-O-Normal--\n\
Bookman-Demi: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-R-Normal--\n\
Bookman-DemiItalic: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Demi-I-Normal--\n\
Bookman-Light: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-R-Normal--\n\
Bookman-LightItalic: -Adobe-ITC Bookman-Light-I-Normal--\n\
Courier: -Adobe-Courier-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Courier-Bold: -Adobe-Courier-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Courier-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Courier-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
Courier-Oblique: -Adobe-Courier-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
Helvetica: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Helvetica-Bold: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Helvetica-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Normal--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-R-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Bold: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-R-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Bold-O-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Narrow--\n\
Helvetica-Oblique: -Adobe-Helvetica-Medium-O-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Bold: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Italic: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Roman: -Adobe-New Century Schoolbook-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Palatino-Bold: -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Palatino-BoldItalic: -Adobe-Palatino-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
Palatino-Italic: -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
Palatino-Roman: -Adobe-Palatino-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
Times-Bold: -Adobe-Times-Bold-R-Normal--\n\
Times-BoldItalic: -Adobe-Times-Bold-I-Normal--\n\
Times-Italic: -Adobe-Times-Medium-I-Normal--\n\
Times-Roman: -Adobe-Times-Medium-R-Normal--\n\
ZapfChancery-MediumItalic: -Adobe-ITC Zapf Chancery-Medium-I-Normal--
</pre>
<h4><a name="X_symbol_fonts"></a>Symbol fonts</h4>
<pre> Symbol: -Adobe-Symbol-Medium-R-Normal--
</pre>
<h4><a name="X_dingbat_fonts"></a>Dingbat fonts</h4>
<pre> ZapfDingbats: -Adobe-ITC Zapf Dingbats-Medium-R-Normal--
</pre>
<h3><a name="OpenWindows_fonts"></a>Sun OpenWindows</h3>
<p>
For Sun's X11/NeWS one can use the OpenWindows scalable fonts instead,
which gives good output for any point size. In this environment, the
relevant section of the resource file should look like this:
<pre>Ghostscript.regularFonts: \
AvantGarde-Book: -itc-avantgarde-book-r-normal-- \n\
AvantGarde-BookOblique: -itc-avantgarde-book-o-normal-- \n\
AvantGarde-Demi: -itc-avantgarde-demi-r-normal-- \n\
AvantGarde-DemiOblique: -itc-avantgarde-demi-o-normal-- \n\
Bembo: -monotype-bembo-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Bembo-Bold: -monotype-bembo-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Bembo-BoldItalic: -monotype-bembo-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Bembo-Italic: -monotype-bembo-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Bookman-Demi: -itc-bookman-demi-r-normal-- \n\
Bookman-DemiItalic: -itc-bookman-demi-i-normal-- \n\
Bookman-Light: -itc-bookman-light-r-normal-- \n\
Bookman-LightItalic: -itc-bookman-light-i-normal-- \n\
Courier: -itc-courier-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Courier-Bold: -itc-courier-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Courier-BoldOblique: -itc-courier-bold-o-normal-- \n\
Courier-Oblique: -itc-courier-medium-o-normal-- \n\
GillSans: -monotype-gill-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
GillSans-Bold: -monotype-gill-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
GillSans-BoldItalic: -monotype-gill-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
GillSans-Italic: -monotype-gill-normal-i-normal-sans- \n\
Helvetica: -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Helvetica-Bold: -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Helvetica-BoldOblique: -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-normal-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow: -linotype-helvetica-medium-r-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Bold: -linotype-helvetica-bold-r-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow-BoldOblique: -linotype-helvetica-bold-o-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Narrow-Oblique: -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-narrow-- \n\
Helvetica-Oblique: -linotype-helvetica-medium-o-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright: -b&h-lucidabright-medium-r-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright-Demi: -b&h-lucidabright-demibold-r-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright-DemiItalic: -b&h-lucidabright-demibold-i-normal-- \n\
LucidaBright-Italic: -b&h-lucidabright-medium-i-normal-- \n\
LucidaSans: -b&h-lucida-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-Bold: -b&h-lucida-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-BoldItalic: -b&h-lucida-bold-i-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-Italic: -b&h-lucida-medium-i-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-Typewriter: -b&h-lucidatypewriter-medium-r-normal-sans- \n\
LucidaSans-TypewriterBold: -b&h-lucidatypewriter-bold-r-normal-sans- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-BoldItalic: -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-i-normal-- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Bold: -linotype-new century schoolbook-bold-r-normal-- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Italic: -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-i-normal-- \n\
NewCenturySchlbk-Roman: -linotype-new century schoolbook-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Palatino-Bold: -linotype-palatino-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Palatino-BoldItalic: -linotype-palatino-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Palatino-Italic: -linotype-palatino-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Palatino-Roman: -linotype-palatino-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Rockwell: -monotype-rockwell-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Rockwell-Bold: -monotype-rockwell-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Rockwell-BoldItalic: -monotype-rockwell-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Rockwell-Italic: -monotype-rockwell-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Times-Bold: -linotype-times-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Times-BoldItalic: -linotype-times-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Times-Italic: -linotype-times-medium-i-normal-- \n\
Times-Roman: -linotype-times-medium-r-normal-- \n\
Utopia-Bold: -adobe-utopia-bold-r-normal-- \n\
Utopia-BoldItalic: -adobe-utopia-bold-i-normal-- \n\
Utopia-Italic: -adobe-utopia-regular-i-normal-- \n\
Utopia-Regular: -adobe-utopia-regular-r-normal-- \n\
ZapfChancery-MediumItalic: -itc-zapfchancery-medium-i-normal-- \n
Ghostscript.dingbatFonts: \
ZapfDingbats: -itc-zapfdingbats-medium-r-normal--
Ghostscript.symbolFonts: \
Symbol: --symbol-medium-r-normal--
</pre>
<h2><a name="FAPI_run"></a>Running Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers</h2>
<p>
Font API (FAPI) is a new feature which allows to attach 3d party font renderers to Ghostscript.
This section explains how to run Ghostscript with 3d party font renderers,
such as Agfa UFST or Free Type.
<p>
<em>Note: To run Ghostscript with Agfa UFST you need a license from Agfa.
Please ignore issues about UFST if you haven't got it.
</em>
<p>
<em>
Important note: Third-party font renderers are incompatible
with devices that can embed fonts in their output (such as pdfwrite),
because such renderers store fonts in a form from which Ghostscript cannot
get the necessary information for embedding. Ghostscript disables such
renderers when such device is being used. In particular, UFST and Free Type are
disabled while running Ghostscript with the <b><tt>pdfwrite</tt></b>
device.
</em>
<p>
To run Ghostscript with Free Type, you first need to build Ghostscript
with the Free Type bridge. Refer <a href="Make.htm#FT_build">How to build Ghostscript with Free Type</a>.
<p>
To run Ghostscript with UFST, you first need to build Ghostscript
with the UFST bridge. Refer <a href="Make.htm#UFST_build">How to build Ghostscript with UFST</a>.
Both bridges may run together.
<p>
<p>
Then you need to obtain the Decoding resources from Artifex Software Inc. and install them with Ghostscript.
Just copy the files to the <b><tt>Resource/Decoding</tt></b> directory (or to the subdirectory
<b><tt>Decoding</tt></b> of a directory, which is specified in <b><tt>GenericResourcePath</tt></b>).
<p>
There are 2 ways to handle fonts with a 3d party font renderer (FAPI). First, you can substitute
any FAPI-handled font to a PostScript font, using special map files.
Second, you can redirect PostScript fonts to FAPI, setting
entries in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b> file.
<p>
The file <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> defines a map table for FAPI-handled fonts.
The format of <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> is explained below.
<p>
Font files being handled with FAPI may reside in any directory in your hard disk.
Paths to them to be specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>. The path may be either
absolute or relative. Relative ones are being resolved from the path,
which is specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b> file.
<p>
The file <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> is actually special PostScript code.
It contains records for each font being rendered with FAPI.
Records must end with semicolon. Each record is a pair.
The first element of the pair is the font name (the name that PostScript
documents use to access the font, which may differ
from real name of the font which the font file defines).
The second element is a dictionary with entries :
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
<tr> <th>Key
<th>Type
<th>Description
<tr> <td>Path
<td>string
<td>Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the FontPath value,
being specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b>.
<tr> <td>FontType
<td>interger
<td>PostScript type for this font. Only 1 and 42 are currently allowed.
Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file -
the bridge will perform a format conversion.
<tr> <td>FAPI
<td>name
<td>Name of the renderer to be used with the font.
Only <b><tt>/AgfaUFST</tt></b> and <b><tt>/FreeType</tt></b> are now allowed.
<tr> <td>SubfontId
<td>integer
<td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC.
It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection.
Note that Free Type can't handle FCO.
Default value is 0.
<tr> <td>Decoding
<td>name
<td>(optional) The name of a Decoding resource to be used with the font.
If specified, <b><tt>lib/xlatmap</tt></b> (see below) doesn't work for this font.
</table>
<p>
Example of FAPI font map record :
<blockquote>
<b><tt>
/FCO1 << /Path (/AFPL/Agfa/fontdata/MTFONTS/PCLPS3/MT1/PCLP3__F.fco) /FontType 1 /FAPI /AgfaUFST >> ;
</tt></b>
</blockquote>
<p>
Note that <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b> specifies only instances of
Font category. CID fonts to be listed in another map file.
<p>
The file <b><tt>lib/FAPIcidfmap</tt></b> defines a mapping table for
CIDFont resources. It contains records for each CID font being rendered with FAPI.
The format is similar to <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>,
but dictionaries must contain few different entries :
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
<tr> <th>Key
<th>Type
<th>Description
<tr> <td>Path
<td>string
<td>Absolute path to font file, or relative path to font file from the CIDFontPath value,
being specified in <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b>.
<tr> <td>CIDFontType
<td>interger
<td>PostScript type for this CID font. Only 0, 1 and 2 are currently allowed.
Note that this is unrelated to the real type of the font file -
the bridge will perform format conversion.
<tr> <td>FAPI
<td>name
<td>Name of the renderer to be used with the font.
Only <b><tt>/AgfaUFST</tt></b> and <b><tt>/FreeType</tt></b> are now allowed.
<tr> <td>SubfontId
<td>integer
<td>(optional) Index of the font in font collection, such as FCO or TTC.
It is being ignored if Path doesn't specify a collection.
Default value is 0.
<tr> <td>CSI
<td>array of 2 elements
<td>(required) Information for building <b><tt>CIDSystemInfo</tt></b>.
The first element is a string, which specifies <b><tt>Ordering</tt></b>.
The second element is a number, which specifies <b><tt>Supplement</tt></b>.
</table>
<p>
Example of FAPI CID font map record :
<blockquote>
<b><tt>
/HeiseiKakuGo-W5 << /Path (/WIN2000/Fonts/PMINGLIU.TTF) /CIDFontType 0 /FAPI /AgfaUFST /CSI [(Japan1) 2] >> ;
</tt></b>
</blockquote>
<p>
The control file <b><tt>lib/FAPIconfig</tt></b> defines 4 entries :
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=10>
<tr> <th>Key
<th>Type
<th>Description
<tr> <td>FontPath
<td>string
<td>Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts. Used to resolve
relative paths in <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>.
<tr> <td>CIDFontPath
<td>string
<td>Absolute path to a directory, which contains fonts to substitute to CID fonts.
Used to resolve relative paths in <b><tt>lib/FAPIcidfmap</tt></b>.
It may be same or different than FontPath.
<tr> <td>HookDiskFonts
<td>array of integers.
<td>List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI.
This controls other fonts that ones listed in <b><tt>lib/FAPIfontmap</tt></b>
and <b><tt>lib/FAPIcidfmap</tt></b> - such ones are PS fonts installed to
Ghostscript with <b><tt>lib/fontmap</tt></b> or with <b><tt>GS_FONTPATH</tt></b>,
or regular CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be
rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer.
Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11
correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2.
<tr> <td>HookEmbeddedFonts
<td>array of integers.
<td>List of PS font types to be handled with FAPI.
This controls fonts being embedded into a document -
either fonts or CID font resources. Unlisted font types will be
rendered with the native Ghostscript font renderer.
Only allowed values now are 1,9,11,42. Note that 9 and 11
correspond to CIDFontType 0 and 2.
</table>
<p>
You may need to customize the file <b><tt>lib/xlatmap</tt></b>. Follow instructions in it.
<p>
Note that UFST and Free Type cannot handle some Ghostscript fonts because
they does not include a PostScript interpreter and therefore has stronger restrictions on
font formats than Ghostscript itself does.
If their font types are listed in HookDiskFonts or in HookEmbeddedFonts,
Ghostscript interpret them as PS files, then serializes font data into a RAM buffer and
passes it to FAPI as PCLEOs.
<p>
<!-- [2.0 end contents] ==================================================== -->
<!-- [3.0 begin visible trailer] =========================================== -->
<hr>
<p>
<small>Copyright © 1996-2002 artofcode LLC. All rights reserved.</small>
<p>
This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or
implied.
This software is distributed under license and may not be copied,
modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms
of the license contained in the file LICENSE in this distribution.
For more information about licensing, please refer to
http://www.ghostscript.com/licensing/. For information on
commercial licensing, go to http://www.artifex.com/licensing/ or
contact Artifex Software, Inc., 101 Lucas Valley Road #110,
San Rafael, CA 94903, U.S.A., +1(415)492-9861.
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<small>Ghostscript version 8.53, 20 October 2005
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